意義一詞本身具備多種意義。雖然翻譯家和語言學家對意義的剖析各有千秋,但語言的兩大類意義是獲得一致認可的,它們是指稱意義和蘊涵意義。根據《牛津簡明英語語言詞典》(Oxford Concise Companion to the English Language),“蘊涵意義,也稱為情感意義,指詞內含的情感和聯(lián)想意義。指稱意義,也稱認知意義,指詞與所指客體、思想或行為之間的直接關系。蘊涵意義可能是個人獨有的(來自個人的經歷,如一個人從‘游泳’可能聯(lián)想到娛樂或是為比賽進行的訓練,另一個人從‘游泳’可能聯(lián)想到溺死),或是一個社會群體獨有的(如一位政治領袖的名字激發(fā)的感情)。指稱意義是詞或表達方式的意義,它與日常生活、其他詞或表達方式有關。如colors的所指是顏色或與顏色有關的事物。在英語中,紅色與血有關系,白色與雪有關系,綠色與草有關系,藍色與海洋、天空有關系。這些顏色詞的蘊涵意義是紅色使人聯(lián)想起生氣或惱怒,白色使人聯(lián)想起純潔和無辜,綠色使人聯(lián)想起缺乏經驗或嫉妒,藍色使人聯(lián)想起悲哀和沮喪。”(Connotation, also known as affective meaning, refers to the emotive and associational aspects of a term. Denotation, also known as cognitive meaning, refers to the direct relationship between a term and the object, idea, or action it designates. Connotation may be personal (stemming from experience, such as connotations of swimming, which one person may associate with recreation or training for competitions, another with drowning) or common to a group (such as emotions raised by the name of a political leader). Denotation refers to the meaning of a word or expression in relation to everyday life and to other words and expressions: for example, colors can be described in terms either of wave-length or reflected light or of such relationships as, in English, red with blood, white with snow, green with grass, blue with sea and sky. By virtue of their connotations, the same colors have further associations: red with anger or irritation, white with purity and innocence, green with inexperience or envy, blue with sadness and depression.)
陸國強先生在其《現代英語詞匯學(新版)》中簡潔地將指稱意義定義為“詞的確切和字面的意義(strict and literal meaning)”(1999:117),蘊涵意義定義為“詞的隱含意義(implied or suggested meaning)”(同上)。
需要說明的是,指稱意義不完全等同于“詞典意義(dictionary meaning)”,因為詞典中詞條的釋義,不僅有指稱意義,還有蘊涵意義。例如:
“戛”〈書〉輕輕地敲擊:~擊。
[戛戛] 〈書〉①形容困難:~乎難哉!②形容獨創(chuàng):~獨造。
[戛然] 〈書〉①形容嘹亮的鳥鳴聲:~長鳴。②形容聲音突然而止:~而止。
〈書〉這一標記表明該詞是書面語,說明了該詞的語體色彩,具備蘊涵意義。
又如:
[家事] ①家庭的事情:一切~,都是兩個人商量著辦。②〈方〉家境。
釋義①只具備指稱意義,釋義②不僅具備指稱意義,還標明其語體色彩,具備蘊涵意義。