翻譯：2016年中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的八大關(guān)鍵詞

供給側(cè)改革(Reform on the supply-side)

所謂供給側(cè)改革,就是從供給、生產(chǎn)端入手,通過(guò)解放生產(chǎn)力,提升競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,其核心在于提高全要素生產(chǎn)率.

近幾年中國(guó)的供給端出了問(wèn)題,表現(xiàn)在一方面產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩,另一方面,老百姓需求的高品質(zhì)、高附加值的產(chǎn)品卻難以滿足,致使大量國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)需求轉(zhuǎn)向海外.供給方面出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題其實(shí)是結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題,所以中央提出供給側(cè)改革,其核心是結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整.

With regard to the reform on the supply-side, it means to strive to raise the competitiveness to advance economic development through unleashing the productive forces on both sides of supply and production, centering on increasing total factor productivity.

In the recent years, some problems occurred in supplies of China, which caused overcapacity on one hand and insufficient supplies to meet people's demands for high-quality and highly value added products. Thus, many Chinese demands for consumption have to be met by overseas products. Problems on the supply-side are actually the structural ones, so the central government proposed the reform on the supply-side with the structural adjustment as its core.

創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)(Innovation and entrepreneurship)

中央經(jīng)濟(jì)工作會(huì)議提出: "堅(jiān)持深入實(shí)施創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,推進(jìn)大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬(wàn)眾創(chuàng)新,依靠改革創(chuàng)新加快新動(dòng)能成長(zhǎng)和傳統(tǒng)動(dòng)能改造提升."

創(chuàng)新是全方位的,包括制度、理論、技術(shù)、模式等創(chuàng)新.社會(huì)創(chuàng)新的主體是企業(yè),包括國(guó)有和民營(yíng)企業(yè),要激發(fā)它們的創(chuàng)新動(dòng)力,特別是國(guó)有企業(yè)要起模范帶頭作用;個(gè)人是創(chuàng)業(yè)的主體,要改革科研、教育體制,解決當(dāng)前應(yīng)試教育和科研體制的弊端和問(wèn)題,培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型人才.

According to the Central Economic Work Conference, great efforts should be made to push forward the innovation-driven development strategy and boost the mass entrepreneurship and innovation, in a bid to accelerate the growth of new driving forces and upgrade of traditional ones by relying on reform and innovation.

Innovation should be made comprehensively, covering system, theory, technology and pattern. The main force of innovation is made up of enterprises, including state-owned and private ones. Thus, we need to inspire their enthusiasms for innovation, especially state-owned enterprises' leading role in innovation. The individual is the main force of entrepreneurship. Necessary measures need be taken to reform scientific research and educational systems in order to address problems in exam-oriented education and scientific research systems and cultivate the innovative talents.

雙向開(kāi)放(Two-way opening up)

2016年對(duì)外開(kāi)放領(lǐng)域要突出考慮以下幾點(diǎn)：

首先,進(jìn)一步拓展我國(guó)的國(guó)際空間,把"一帶一路"、亞投行、自貿(mào)區(qū)等戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃落實(shí)到位;第二,繼續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)變我國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展方式,從"大進(jìn)大出"到"優(yōu)進(jìn)優(yōu)出".第三,穩(wěn)定開(kāi)放型經(jīng)濟(jì)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位,進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮資源優(yōu)化配置的功能;第四,加強(qiáng)全球治理,應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際壓力。

The following issues on opening up are confirmed to be prioritized in 2016:

First, efforts should be made to continue to expand our international space through implementation of strategies and plans such as the "Belt and Road," Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and free trade zones; second, our foreign trade development patterns should be continuously changed from "massive imports and exports" to "quality imports and exports"; third, the open economy's status should be stabilized in the national economy to further give play to the role of optimized allocation of resources; fourth, efforts should be made to strengthen global governance to address international pressure.

去庫(kù)存(De-stocking/ Reduce the number of unsold homes)

中央經(jīng)濟(jì)工作會(huì)議提出:"要按照加快提高戶籍人口城鎮(zhèn)化率和深化住房制度改革的要求,通過(guò)加快農(nóng)民工市民化,擴(kuò)大有效需求,打通供需通道,消化庫(kù)存,穩(wěn)定房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)."

房地產(chǎn)"去庫(kù)存"將會(huì)是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期過(guò)程,在此過(guò)程中,政府的政策有必要與市場(chǎng)結(jié)合到一起,通過(guò)改革打破一切制度門(mén)檻,更好地發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)作用,真正推進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化和農(nóng)民市民化進(jìn)程,落實(shí)戶籍制度改革,這才是未來(lái)推動(dòng)城市消費(fèi)最關(guān)鍵的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī).

Central Economic Work Conference suggests that it is required to open the supply-demand channel, digest inventories and stabilize the real estate market through accelerated citizenship of migrant workers and expansion of effective demands under the requirements on increasing the urbanization rate of registered population and deepening the reform of housing system.

The "de-stocking" of the real estate market will experience a long period. During the period, the governmental policy should be combined with the market in order to break all institutional thresholds through reforming so as to give a bigger role to the market, truly promote the urbanization and citizenship of migrant workers and implement the reform of household registration system, which is the most important propeller for bolstering urban consumption in the future.

去產(chǎn)能 (Reduction of excess productive capacity/ Cut excessive industrial capacity)

讓過(guò)剩產(chǎn)能出清的方法有很多種,企業(yè)破產(chǎn)和兼并重組都較為常見(jiàn).但需要指出的是,此次中央經(jīng)濟(jì)工作會(huì)議特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了在這一過(guò)程中要"多兼并重組、少破產(chǎn)清算",這意味著中央已經(jīng)充分考慮到了破產(chǎn)這一形式可能帶來(lái)的階段性、結(jié)構(gòu)性失業(yè)壓力及其所引發(fā)的種種社會(huì)、民生問(wèn)題.

There are many ways to reduce overcapacity, such as commonly-seen bankruptcy and merging and reorganization. However, it should be noted that, the Central Economic Work Conference especially emphasized "more merging and reorganization and less bankruptcy and liquidation," which indicates that the central government has fully considered the temporary and structural unemployment pressure as well as various social and livelihood issues triggered by bankruptcy.

補(bǔ)短板(Improving weak growth areas/ Improve weak links)

長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較依賴基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資拉動(dòng),但大多集中在看得見(jiàn)、摸得著的方面,而一些"看不見(jiàn)"的領(lǐng)域卻比較薄弱.如,很多城市的排給水設(shè)施比較落后、應(yīng)急能力較差,往往下一場(chǎng)雨就出現(xiàn)了城市內(nèi)澇現(xiàn)象.與此同時(shí),國(guó)民在智慧城市管理、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、信息化、公共服務(wù)等"軟性"基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施方面的投入也要不斷加大力度,才能滿足當(dāng)今社會(huì)的需要.

In a long period, China's economic development was relatively driven by investments in infrastructure, but most investments were made in tangible areas and few in intangible areas. For example, a majority of urban water supply and drainage systems were outdated and very poor in addressing emergencies, so rain often resulted in the flood in cities. Meanwhile, we should continue to increase investments in intelligent city management, Internet, information technology, public services and other "soft" infrastructure in order to meet current demands of the society.

去杠桿(De-leveraging)

中央經(jīng)濟(jì)工作會(huì)議所指出的"去杠桿"任務(wù),對(duì)于防范化解我國(guó)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)既系統(tǒng)全面又突出重點(diǎn).明年地方財(cái)政可能面臨一定的收支壓力,若地方政府債務(wù)不能得到妥善解決則可能帶來(lái)一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn),"去杠桿"這一任務(wù)實(shí)際上是對(duì)此做出了一個(gè)預(yù)案,而實(shí)現(xiàn)這一任務(wù)的重要前提就是加強(qiáng)債務(wù)置換的工作.

The "de-leveraging" task put forward in the Central Economic Work Conference doesn't only thoroughly prevent and address financial risks facing China but also highlights major duties. The regional finance may face some pressure of income and expenses in the next year. Thus, if the regional governments' debts can't be properly addressed, some risks may appear. The task of "de-leveraging" is a pre-arranged plan for preventing such risks. However, one of important preconditions for completing this task lies in accelerating the replacement of debts.

降成本(Lowering corporate costs)

以目前我國(guó)企業(yè)運(yùn)行現(xiàn)狀來(lái)看,企業(yè)明顯面臨著負(fù)擔(dān)重、成本高的問(wèn)題,幫助企業(yè)降低成本有其現(xiàn)實(shí)需要.

幫助企業(yè)降低成本.要開(kāi)展降低實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)企業(yè)成本行動(dòng),打出"組合拳".要降低制度性交易成本,轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能、簡(jiǎn)政放權(quán),進(jìn)一步清理規(guī)范中介服務(wù).要降低企業(yè)稅費(fèi)負(fù)擔(dān),進(jìn)一步正稅清費(fèi).要降低社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi).要降低企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)成本,金融部門(mén)要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造利率正常化的政策環(huán)境,為實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)讓利.要降低電力價(jià)格,推進(jìn)電價(jià)市場(chǎng)化改革,完善煤電價(jià)格聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)制.要降低物流成本,推進(jìn)流通體制改革.

In the current context of business operation in China, enterprises clearly face the problem of heavy burdens and high costs. There are actual needs for helping enterprises to reduce costs.

Great efforts should be made to help enterprises to reduce their costs. It is necessary to take actions to lower costs of enterprises of real economy and launch a portfolio of plans. It is important to reduce the transactional costs brought by the system, transform the government's functions, streamline administration and delegate power to lower levels, and further clear up and standardize the intermediary services. Measures should be taken to reduce enterprises' tax burdens and further rationalize taxes and cancel improper fees. It is also important to reduce social insurance charges; lower enterprises' financial costs, urge financial institutions to create the policy environment of interest rate normalization and give up some profits to the real economy; lower the electricity prices by promoting the market reform of electricity prices and improving the linkage mechanism of coal and electricity prices; and reduce the logistics costs by boosting the structural reform of logistics.