《考研英語閱讀理解100篇 高分版》 Unit 15 - TEXT ONE

Albert Ellis, who died last month at age 93, believed that psychotherapy should be short term, goal-oriented, and efficient; his method, introduced in 1955 and now known as rational emotive behavior therapy, is one of the foundations of today's cognitive-behavioral therapy.
The theory: Irrational ways of thinking underlie most psychological conditions, and patients can get better by tackling these skewed thinking patterns, correcting them, and developing new ones. In a 2006 survey of social workers and psychologists conducted by Psychotherapy Networker in partnership with Joan Cook, an adjunct assistant professor of medical psychology at Columbia University, over 60 percent said that they employ cognitive-behavioral techniques in their work.
“What cognitive therapy does is focus on the present,” says Judith Beck, director of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research outside Philadelphia. Beck is the daughter of Aaron Beck, who developed his own form of cognitive-behavioral therapy, simply called cognitive therapy, in the early 1960s when he was a psychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania. Rather than exploring in depth the issues surrounding a patient's childhood, dreams, past relationships, and life experiences—essential in Freudian psychoanalysis—the short-term cognitive approach focuses on developing skills the patient can use to “have a better week”. Cognitive therapists may go into those deeper issues if necessary, but “the goal is not insight alone but also practical problem solving and symptom reduction,” says Beck.
Techniques used to that end may include weighing evidence to evaluate whether a patient's self-image is skewed, developing a more realistic worldview, prioritizing problems, and setting an agenda for dealing with them. According to research by Aaron Beck and others, cognitive therapy is as effective as antidepressants in initially treating mild, moderate, and severe depression, and patients who had used cognitive therapy and stopped were less likely to relapse than those who stopped medication. Cognitive therapy has also been shown to decrease the risk for repeated suicide attempts in seriously depressed patients.
REBT, on the other hand, focuses on “disputing irrational beliefs”, as Ellis's disciplines put it, or directly confronting and challenging a patient's thoughts about a situation. The method is used to treat the spectrum of psychological problems, from depression and anxiety to post-traumatic stress disorder. Therapists may draw from the wider tradition of cognitive-behavioral methods, but they owe an intellectual debt to Albert Ellis whenever they dispute a patient's irrational beliefs. Though that approach has gained a reputation for confrontation and tough-mindedness, Kristene Doyle, associate executive director of the Albert Ellis Institute in New York City and a clinical psychologist specializing in REBT, says that collaboration between the therapist and patient, a patient's complete self-acceptance, and the therapist's unconditional acceptance of the patient are also essential to REBT.
Some psychotherapists see cognitive-behavioral therapies as too simplistic—approaches that ignore the complexities of a typical patient's problems. Today, many therapists use a combination approach, integrating both psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral techniques to suit patient needs. “Practicing therapists [are] often happy to have more than one way to think about somebody,” says Nancy McWilliams, president of the division of psychoanalysis at the American Psychological Association. Adds Jonathan Slavin, who teaches psychology at Harvard Medical School and is founding president of the Massachusetts Institute for Psychoanalysis: “There's considerable evidence that all psychotherapy is effective. All versions [that] provide people with a relationship that includes any kind of empathy and understanding change the actual workings of the brain.”
1. The passage mainly talks about _____.
[A] different psychotherapies to treat psychological problems
[B] the brief history of cognitive-behavioral therapy's development
[C] different branches of cognitive-behavioral therapy
[D] the approach of the cognitive-behavioral therapies
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the comparison of cognitive therapy approach and Freudian psychoanalysis?
[A] Both of them aim to probe into the deeper issues for an insight of the patient's mind.
[B] Cognitive therapy approach is more effective than Freudian psychoanalysis in analyzing patients' symptoms.
[C] Cognitive therapy approach focuses on more present psychological condition of patients than Freudian psychoanalysis.
[D] Cognitive therapy approach pays more attentions to immediate efficiency.
3. The word “disputing” (Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means _____.
[A] denying
[B] debating
[C] opposing
[D] resisting
4. The difference of cognitive therapy and REBT lies in that _____.
[A] the basic theoretical principles that they adopt differ from each other
[B] REBT pays more attention to the collaboration between the therapist and patient
[C] cognitive therapy is more constructive and effective than REBT in terms of curing different levels of depression
[D] REBT is more widely applicable than cognitive therapy given its wide reputation and innovative methods
5. A combination approach of treating psychopath is chosen by many therapists rather than cognitive-behavioral therapies because _____.
[A] cognitive-behavioral therapies are not so effective as the combination approach
[B] the combination approach could treat patients more comprehensively
[C] the combination approach is more down to earth than cognitive-behavioral therapies
[D] the combination approach is easier to grasp than cognitive-behavioral therapies

1. The passage mainly talks about _____.
[A] different psychotherapies to treat psychological problems
[B] the brief history of cognitive-behavioral therapy's development
[C] different branches of cognitive-behavioral therapy
[D] the approach of the cognitive-behavioral therapies
1. 這篇文章主要講述了 _____。
[A] 治療心理問題的不同精神療法
[B] 認知行為療法發(fā)展的簡短歷史
[C] 認知行為療法的不同分支
[D] 認知行為療法的治療方法
答案：D　難度系數(shù)：☆☆☆
分析：主旨題。這篇文章主要講述了認知療法，具體包括其理論基礎(chǔ)以及采取的方法等等，選項D最為符合題意。文章從第三段開始的主要內(nèi)容分別是：第三段講述認知療法的主要特點就是著眼于當(dāng)前；第四段講述具體的治療方法；第五段講述REBT方法的特點；第六段講述一些精神治療醫(yī)師采取了綜合療法，因此答案顯而易見。
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the comparison of cognitive therapy approach and Freudian psychoanalysis?
[A] Both of them aim to probe into the deeper issues for an insight of the patient's mind.
[B] Cognitive therapy approach is more effective than Freudian psychoanalysis in analyzing patients' symptoms.
[C] Cognitive therapy approach focuses on more present psychological condition of patients than Freudian psychoanalysis.
[D] Cognitive therapy approach pays more attentions to immediate efficiency.
2. 關(guān)于對認知療法和弗洛伊德心理分析的比較，下列哪項陳述是正確的？
[A] 它們都探索深層次的東西來洞悉病人的心理。
[B] 認知療法在分析病人的癥狀方面要比弗洛伊德心理分析更加有效。
[C] 認知療法比弗洛伊德心理分析療法更注重病人當(dāng)前的心理條件。
[D] 認知療法更注重短期的效果。
答案：D　難度系數(shù)：☆☆☆
分析：細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段，認知療法更加注重的是目前，強調(diào)馬上可以取得的效果，而弗洛伊德心理分析法更注重理論分析。因此，選項D最為符合題意。
3. The word “disputing” (Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means _____.
[A] denying
[B] debating
[C] opposing
[D] resisting
3. disputing這個詞（第五段第一行） 最有可能的意思是 _____。
[A] 否定
[B] 爭論
[C] 反對
[D] 阻止
答案：D　難度系數(shù)：☆
分析：猜詞題。根據(jù)上下文，REBT關(guān)注“阻止非理性信念”，或者說是對患者對于某個環(huán)境發(fā)起直接的反抗或挑戰(zhàn)，選項中只有D是“阻止”的意思，是正確答案。
4. The difference of cognitive therapy and REBT lies in that _____.
[A] the basic theoretical principles that they adopt differ from each other
[B] REBT pays more attention to the collaboration between the therapist and patient
[C] cognitive therapy is more constructive and effective than REBT in terms of curing different levels of depression
[D] REBT is more widely applicable than cognitive therapy given its wide reputation and innovative methods
4. 認知療法和REBT的不同之處在于 _____。
[A] 采取了不同的理論原理
[B] REBT更注重臨床醫(yī)生和病人之間的協(xié)作
[C] 認知療法在治療不同等級的抑郁癥方面比REBT更具有建設(shè)性，也更有效
[D] 由于其廣泛的聲譽和創(chuàng)新的方法，REBT比認知療法更加廣泛地被公眾接受
答案：A　難度系數(shù)：☆☆☆
分析：推理題。根據(jù)第五段的開頭：REBT, on the other hand, focuses on “disputing irrational beliefs”, as Ellis's disciplines put it, or directly confronting and challenging a patient's thoughts about a situation. 說明REBT采用的原理是對抗患者關(guān)于某個情況的想法，這個跟認知療法是不同的，因此正確答案為A。B是較強的干擾選項，雖然該段結(jié)尾提到了collaboration between the therapist and patient，但不是針對與認知療法的對比提出來的，因而不如選項A準(zhǔn)確。選項C在文章中沒有提及，而選項D文中也沒有對應(yīng)談到REBT比認知療法更加廣泛地被公眾接受的內(nèi)容。
5. A combination approach of treating psychopath is chosen by many therapists rather than cognitive-behavioral therapies because _____.
[A] cognitive-behavioral therapies are not so effective as the combination approach
[B] the combination approach could treat patients more comprehensively
[C] the combination approach is more down to earth than cognitive-behavioral therapies
[D] the combination approach is easier to grasp than cognitive-behavioral therapies
5. 許多心理醫(yī)師都采取了一種組合方法而不是認知行為療法來治療精神病患者，因為 _____。
[A] 認知行為療法沒有組合方法那么有效
[B] 組合方法可以更為徹底地治療患者
[C] 組合方法比認知行為療法更為實際
[D] 組合方法比認知行為療法更容易掌握
答案：B　難度系數(shù)：☆☆
分析：細節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段，許多心理醫(yī)師采取了組合方法，是覺得認知行為療法忽視了患者病情的復(fù)雜性，因此結(jié)合了其他方法，目的是為了更加徹底地對患者進行治療。選項B最為符合題意。

Albert Ellis于上個月去世，享年93歲。他認為精神療法應(yīng)當(dāng)是短期的、有明確目標(biāo)而且富有成效的。他發(fā)明的療法于1955年問世，即現(xiàn)在所說的理性感情行為療法，該療法是當(dāng)今認知行為療法的基礎(chǔ)之一。
該療法的理論為：非理性的思維方式是大多數(shù)心理問題的原因所在，患者可以通過應(yīng)對和糾正思維模式偏差、形成新的思維模式來使病情好轉(zhuǎn)。精神療法網(wǎng)絡(luò)與哥倫比亞大學(xué)臨床心理學(xué)助理教授Joan Cook合作，于2006年對社會工作者和心理學(xué)家進行了一次調(diào)查，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，有60%的人認為他們在自己的工作中用到了認知行為技巧。
“認知療法主要是針對目前。”位于費城郊區(qū)的Beck認知治療和研究所主任Judith Beck這樣說。Beck是Aaron Beck的女兒，Aaron Beck于20世紀(jì)60年代初發(fā)明了自己的認知行為療法模式，簡稱認知療法，當(dāng)時他還是賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的一名心理治療醫(yī)師。這種短期的認知療法不去深入探究患者的童年、夢境、過去的關(guān)系以及生活經(jīng)歷（這些是弗洛伊德心理分析的基本方法），而是關(guān)注研究患者可以采取的某些技巧，從而“使患者一周能過得較好”。認知臨床醫(yī)師只在必需的時候才去研究深層次的東西，但是“目的不只是了解，還要找到解決問題的實際方法和減輕癥狀的方法。”Beck說道。
針對這個目的采取的方法包括：根據(jù)一些跡象判斷患者的自我形象是否歪曲、形成更現(xiàn)實的世界觀、將問題按輕重緩急分級、確定解決問題的日程表等。Aaron Beck和其他人的研究表明，認知療法在最初治療輕微、中度和嚴重的抑郁癥方面，和抗抑郁藥的效果差不多，接受過認知療法并停止治療的患者比那些停用藥物的患者復(fù)發(fā)的幾率要小一些。認知療法被證明可以減少嚴重抑郁癥患者反復(fù)自殺的企圖。
而REBT致力于“阻止非理性信念”，即對患者對于某個情況的想法發(fā)起直接的反抗或挑戰(zhàn)，Ellis的理論這樣認為。該方法用于治療一系列的心理問題，從抑郁、焦慮到創(chuàng)傷后紊亂。醫(yī)師可能從認知行為方法更為廣泛的傳統(tǒng)中汲取了許多經(jīng)驗，但是他們在阻止患者的非理性信念時，主要還是使用了Albert Ellis的方法。雖然該療法因為對抗性和嚴格而聞名，但是紐約市Albert Ellis研究所執(zhí)行主任及REBT臨床心理學(xué)者Kristene Doyle說，醫(yī)生和患者之間的協(xié)作、患者完全的自我接受以及醫(yī)生無條地的接受患者，對于REBT也是非常重要的。
一些精神治療醫(yī)師認為，認知行為療法過于簡單，忽視了典型病人問題的復(fù)雜性。當(dāng)前，許多醫(yī)生都采用了一種混合方法，將心理分析和認知行為技術(shù)結(jié)合起來，根據(jù)患者的需求進行治療。“在職醫(yī)師往往愿意利用多種方法來分析患者。”美國心理協(xié)會心理分析部主任Nancy McWilliams說。麻省心理分析研究所首任主任、目前在哈佛大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院任教的Jonathan Slavin說：“有足夠的證據(jù)表明，所有的心理療法都是有效的，所有為患者提供了移情或是理解的療法，都改變了大腦的實際工作方法。”