薄冰英語語法 第十六章 句子的類型(8-9)

　　用作定語的從句叫做定語從句(attributive clause)。定語從句通常皆置于它所修飾的名詞(或代詞)之后，這種名詞(或代詞)叫做先行詞(antecedent)。引導賓語從句的關聯(lián)詞為關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞在定語從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等;關系副詞在定語從句中只用作狀語。如：

　　(1)The student who answered the question was John. 回答問題的那個學生是約翰。(who answered the question是關系代詞who引導的定語從句，用以修飾who先行詞student，who在從句中用作主語)

　　(2)I know the reason why he was so angry. 我知道他這么生氣的原由。(why he was so angry是關系副詞引導的定語從句，用以修飾why的先行詞reason，why在從句中用作原因狀語)

　　定語從句一般緊跟其先行詞之后。如：

　　(3)The room which served for studio was bare and dusty. 這個用作工作室的房間空蕩蕩的，布滿灰塵。(關系代詞which引導的定語從句緊跟其先行詞room之后)

　　有時亦可與先行詞分離。如：

　　(4)A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要來一位新教師教你們德語了。(關系代詞who引導的定語從句與其先行詞master分離)

　　1)用作關聯(lián)詞的關系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which等。who，whom，whose指人，who是主格，在從句中用作主語(在非正式英語中亦可用作賓語);whom是賓格，在從句中用作賓語;whose是屬格，在從句中用作定語(有時亦可指物)。如：

　　(5)The man who was here yesterday is a painter. 昨天在這里的那個人是位畫家。(主格關系代詞who在從句中用作主語)

　　(6)The man who I saw is called Smith. 我見到的那個人名叫史密斯。(在非正式英語中who 代替了whom，亦可省去不用)

　　(7)I know the man whom you mean. 我認識你指的那個人。(賓語關系代詞whom在從句中用作賓語)

　　(8)A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 失去父母的孩子叫做孤兒。(屬格關系代詞whose在從句中用作定語，指人)

　　(9)I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一個窗戶面臨大海的房間。(屬格關系代詞whose在從句中用作定語，指room，可代之以of which，但后者較為正式)

　　that在從句中既可用作主語，亦可用作賓語(在非正式文體中可省去);既可指人，亦可指物，介在當代英語中多指物。如：

　　(10)A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read. 用鉛筆寫的信很難讀。(關系代詞that在從句中用作主語，指物)

　　(11)The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important. 昨天他來的信很重要。(關系代詞that在從句中用作賓語，指物)

　　(12)Is he the man that sells eggs? 他是賣雞蛋的那個人嗎?(關系代詞that在從句中用作主語，指人)

　　(13)This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages. 這就是那本有多種譯本的書。(關系代詞which在從句中用作主語)

　　(14)Where is the book which I bought this morning? 今天上午我買的那本書在哪兒?(關系代詞which在從句中用作賓語，可省去)

　　which在從句中亦可用作定語和表語。如：

　　(15)We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took. 我們叫他去看醫(yī)生，他聽取了我們的勸告。(關系代詞which在從句中用作定語)

　　(16)The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact, they were. 那兩個警察完全受到信任，事實上真是如此。(關系代詞which在從句中用作表語)

　　as，than，but亦可用作關系代詞。如：

　　(17)The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand. 兩兄弟對這個決定都滿意，它事先已經(jīng)他們同意了。(關系代詞as在從句中用作主語，其先行詞是this decision)

　　(18)He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 他是個外國人，我是從他的口音知道的。(關系代詞as在從句中用作賓語，其先行詞是前面的整個句子)

　　(19)I never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過他講的這類故事。(關系代詞as與指示代詞such連用，在從句中用作賓語，其先行詞是such stories)

　　(20)Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. 她對他的態(tài)度同她慣常的態(tài)度完全一樣。(關系代詞as與指示代詞same連用，在從句中用作表語，其先行詞是same)

　　(21)You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花的錢超過了預定的數(shù)額。(關系代詞than在從句中用作主語，其先行詞是money)

　　(22)There are very few but admire his talents. 很少人不贊賞他的才干的。(關系代詞but在從句中用作主語，其先行詞是few，but=who don’t)

　　關系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時，介詞既可置于從句之首，亦可置于從句之末。但以置于從句之首較為正式。如：

　　(23)This is the book for which you asked. 這是你所要的書。(關系代詞用作介詞for賓語，之首，即which之前)

　　(24)This is the book which you asked for. 這是你所要的書。(介詞for置于從句之末，which在此可省去)

　　關系代詞who和that用作介詞賓語時，介詞須置于句末。如：

　　(25)The people you were talking to are Swedes. 你與之談話的那些人是瑞典人。(關系代詞主格who用作介詞to賓語時，介詞to須置于從句之末，who中口語中可省去)

　　(26)Here is the car that I told you about. 這兒就是我和你談過的那輛汽車。(關系代詞that用作介詞about賓語，介詞about須置于從句之末)

　　有時從句還有其它成分，介詞則置于從句之中。如：

　　(27)This is the boy who he worked with in the office. 那就是與他一道辦公的那個男孩。

　　先行詞指人時，關系代詞既可用who，亦可用that。但關系代詞在從句之中用作主語時，多用主格who。如：

　　(28)Persons who are quarrelsome are despised. 好爭吵者遭輕視。(除外persons，還有people，those，等皆多用who)

　　(29)All who heard the story were amazed. 聽到這個故事的人都感到吃驚。(代詞如he，they，any，all，one等之后多用who)

　　(30)I will pardon him who is honest. 我愿意寬恕他，他是誠實的。(描述性定語從句用who)

　　(31)I think it is you who should prove to me. 我認為是你應該向我提出證據(jù)。(在強調(diào)結構中多用who，who在此可省去)

　　(32)Who is not for us is against us. 誰不贊成我們就是反對我們。(縮合連接代詞who為可代之以that)

　　在下列一些情況中則多用that。如：

　　(33)He was the man that the bottle fell on. 他就是瓶子落在其身上的那個人。(此處常用that作賓語指人，亦可用whom)

　　(34)He is a man that is never at a loss. 他是一個從未一籌莫展的人。(that常用于泛指人)

　　(35)He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 我望著塞滿車的孩子和包裹。(兼指人與物時須用that)

　　(36)Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾見過誰能在棋藝上打敗他?(避免與先行詞who重復時應用that)

　　(37)That’s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday. 這個與前天求援的是同一個人。(先行詞前有指示代詞same時應用that)

　　(38)He is not that man that he was. 他已不是過去的他了。(that常用作表語)

　　(39)I knew her father for the simplest, hardest working man that ever drew the breath of life. 我早知她的父親是一個世上最簡樸最努力工作的人。(先行詞前有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或only等詞時應用that)

　　先行詞指物時，關系代詞that與which往往可以互換。但在下列情況中多用that。如：

　　(40)All that glitters is not gold. 閃光的東西不都是金子。(不定代詞包括復合詞something等多后接that)

　　(41)It was the largest map that I ever saw. 那是我所看見過的最大的地圖。(前有形容詞最高級等的先行詞之后多用that)

　　(42)It was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life. 是解放給他的生活帶來了徹底的改變。(強調(diào)結構用that)

　　(43)There is a house that has bay windows. 有一棟房子有凸出的窗戶。(that在此表固有的特點)

　　(44)The distance that you are from home is immaterial. 你離家的距離是不足道的。(在限制性定語從句中關系代詞用作表語應用that，在描述性定語從句中則應用which)

　　(45)Which was the hotel that was recommended to you? 哪一個是推薦給你的旅館?(這里用that顯然是為了避免重復which)

　　在下列情況中則多用which。如：

　　(46)Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book. 拉里把我在書本開關敘述過的那個關于一個青年飛行員的故事講給她聽。(離先行詞較遠時常用which)

　　(47)A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 商店應存在最暢銷的貨物。(“those+復形名詞”之后多用which)

　　(48)I have that which you gave me. 我有你給我的那個。(which比較正式，在非正式英語中也可用that)

　　(49)Beijing, which was China’s capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京曾是八百多年的中國首都，有很豐富的歷史文物。(描述性定語從句一般皆用which)

　　(50)This is the one of which I’m speaking. 這就是我所講的那個。(介詞之后須用which)

　　2)用作關聯(lián)詞的關系副詞有when，where，why等。when在從句中用作時間狀語，其先行詞須是表時間的名詞。如：

　　(51)We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我們打算把野餐推遲到下周，那時天氣可能轉好。(關系副詞when的先行詞是next week)

　　(52)He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚來時我出去了。(關系副詞when的先行詞是last night)

　　since，before，after亦可用作表時間的關系副詞。如：

　　(53)Every hour since I came has been most enjoyable. 我來之后的每一個小時都是非常好玩的。(since用作關系副詞)

　　(54)On the day before we left home there came a snowstorm. 在我們離家的前一天，下了一場暴風雪。(before用作關系副詞)

　　(55)The year after she had finished college she spent abroad. 她大學畢業(yè)后的一年是在國外度過的。(after用作關系副詞)

　　that有時亦可用作表時間的關系副詞。如：

　　(56)It happened on the day that I was born. 那件事是在我出生的那一天發(fā)生的。(that=when)

　　where在從句中用作地點狀語，其先行詞須是表地點的名詞。如：

　　(57)They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw Ibsen’s “The Doll’s house”. 他們?nèi)セ始覄≡嚎戳艘撞飞摹犊芗彝ァ?/p>

　　(58)The place where Macbeth met the witches was a desolate heath. 麥克白遇見女巫的地方是一片荒原。

　　where的先行詞亦可是有地點含義的抽象名詞。如：

　　(59)He has reached the point where a change is needed. 他已到了需要改弦易轍的地步。(where的先行詞point是抽象名詞)

　　why在從句中用作原因狀語，其先行詞只有reason。如：

　　(60)That is no reason why you should leave. 那不是你必須離開的原因。(why先行詞是reason)

　　(61)He refused to disclose the reason why he did it. 他拒絕透露他做那件事的原因。(why先行詞是reason)

　　有時why可以省去。如：

　　(62)That’s one of the reasons I asked you to come. 那是我要你來的原因之一。(reasons后省去why)

　　有時why可用that代替。如：

　　(63)The reason that he died was lack of medical care. 他死于缺乏醫(yī)療。(why由that代替)

　　3)定語從句可分為限制性定語從句與描述性定語從句。限制性定語從句與先行詞關系密切，對它有限制作用。因此不可缺少，否則會影響全句的意義。限制性定語從句前一般不用逗號。如：

　　(64)What is the name of the boy who brought us the letter? 給我們帶信的那個男孩叫什么名字?

　　(65)There is much which will be unpleasing to the English reader. 有許多東西將會使英國讀者不愉快。

　　(66)The teacher told us that Tom was the only person that was reliable. 老師告訴我們，湯姆是惟一可依賴的人。

　　(67)I shall never forget the day when we first met in the park. 我永遠不會忘記我們在公園相見的那一天。

　　(68)Is there a shop around where we can get fruit? 附近有可以買到水果的商店嗎?

　　(69)Do you know the reason why I came late? 你知道我遲到的原故嗎?

　　描述性定語從句又稱作非限制性定語從句(non-restrictive)。描述性定語從句只與先行詞有一種松散的修飾關系，在口語中用停頓的方法表示，在書面語中用逗號分開。因此從句中的關系代詞不能省略。that一般不引導描述性定語從句。如：

　　(70)I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow. 我喜歡與約翰交談，他是個聰明人。

　　(71)Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一種清澈的液體，有許多用途。

　　(72)Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for ten years. 我又一次來到了波士頓，我有十年沒有到這里來了。

　　描述性定語從句形式上是從句，其功能實質(zhì)上相當于一個分句。如：

　　(73)Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后來他遇到瑪麗，瑪麗邀請他去參加晚會。(who實際上=and she)

　　(74)When he was seventeen he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied mathematics and physics. 他17歲時，到瑞士蘇黎世一?？茖W校上學，他在那里學習數(shù)學和物理學。(where=and there)

　　有時描述性定語從句的含義相當于一個狀語從句。如：

　　(75)We don’t like the room, which is cold. 我們不喜歡那個房間，它很冷。(which is cold=since it is cold)

　　(76)He said he was busy, which was untrue. 他說他很忙，其實不然。(which was untrue=though it was untrue)

　　(77)I want him, who knows some English. 我要他，他懂得些英語。(who knows some English=for he knows some English)

　　16.9 同位語從句

　　用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句(appositive clause)。同位語從句其形式與定語從句相似。二者之前都有先行詞，但與先行詞的關系不同：同位語從句與先行詞同位或等同，定語從句則與先行詞是修飾關系。同位語從句的先行詞多為fact，news，idea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，關聯(lián)詞多用連詞that。如：

　　(1)They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 對你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。(先行詞是fact)

　　(2)Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪兒聽說我不能來?(先行詞是idea)

　　(3)Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德國已對俄國宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來了。

　　(4)“There is a real danger that Oxford will not retain its world position,” said Dr Brian Smith. “現(xiàn)在牛津大學有保不住它的世界地位的實際危險，”布萊恩•史密斯博士說。(先行詞是danger)

　　關聯(lián)詞that在非正式文體中可省去。如：

　　(5)He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機了。(同位語從句he was boarding the Tokyo plane省去了關聯(lián)詞that)

　　同位語從句偶爾由連詞whether引導。如：

　　(6)He was again tortured by the doubt whether or not he might venture to meet Antonia at the station. 他再次為他是否可冒味去車站接安東尼婭這種疑慮所折磨。

　　疑問代詞who，which，what和疑問副詞where，when，why，how亦可引導同位語從句。如：

　　(7)The question who should do the work requires consideration. 誰該干這項工作，這個問題需要考慮。(疑問代詞who引導同位語從句)

　　(8)We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪兒去度假，這個問題我們還沒有決定。(疑問副詞where引導同位語從句)

　　(9)It is a question how he did it. 那是一個他如何做了此事的問題。(疑問副詞how引導同位語從句)

　　同位語從句一般緊跟其先行詞之后，但有時亦可與先行詞分開，置于句末。如：

　　(10)The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule be adopted. 采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出來的。