用作狀語(yǔ)的從句叫做狀語(yǔ)從句(adverbial clause)。引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞是某些從屬連詞。如:
(1)The sun was out again when I rode up to the farm. 當(dāng)我騎馬到達(dá)農(nóng)場(chǎng)時(shí),太陽(yáng)又落山了。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞when)
(2)He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我,因?yàn)槲沂切聛?lái)的。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞because)
(3)I met him as I was coming home. 在回家的時(shí)候,我遇見(jiàn)了他。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞as)
(4)He orders me about as if I were his wife. 他指我干這干那,好像我是他妻子似的。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞as if)
狀語(yǔ)從句同狀語(yǔ)一樣,在句中的位置比較靈活,可置于句首、句末或句中。如:
(5)When it rains, I usually go to the office by bus. 逢下雨,我通常乘公共汽車上班。(從句置于句首)
(6)Stay where you are! 就地停著!(從句置于句末)
(7)I come here every month since I was a child to see my grandfather. 我從小就每月來(lái)看我的祖父。(從句置于句中)
狀語(yǔ)從句位于句首時(shí),常用逗號(hào)分開。如從句較短同時(shí)與主句的關(guān)系又較密切時(shí),亦可不用逗號(hào)。如:
(8)As the car was so small he sold it. 由于車子太小,所以他把車賣了。(從句與主句關(guān)系密切)
狀語(yǔ)從句位于句末時(shí),其前一般不用逗號(hào)。如從句與其前的主句關(guān)系不甚密切,尤其是作為添補(bǔ)之詞時(shí),其前則用逗號(hào)。如:
(9)She’s far too considerate, if I may say so. 恕我直言,她太體諒人了。(從句與主句的關(guān)系不甚密切)
(10)Ought I to take it, when I have only just come in? 我該喝酒嗎?我剛剛進(jìn)來(lái)呀。(從句為添補(bǔ)之詞)
狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)其用途可分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、程度狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句九種。
1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句(adverbial clause of time)表時(shí)間,其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有as,after,before,once,since,till,until,when,whenever,while,as long as,as soon as,now(that)等。如:
(11)As the twilight was beginning to fade, we heard the sound of a carriage. 當(dāng)曙光開始消退時(shí),我們聽到了一架馬車的聲響。
(12)Soon after Margaret returned, the child vomited. 瑪格麗特回來(lái)不久,這孩子就嘔吐了。
(13)Sometimes it gets out before I can stop it. 有時(shí)我止不住,它就蹦了出來(lái)。
(14)Once you’ve finished, go to bed. 你干完了再去睡覺(jué)。
(15)Since I was a child I have lived in England. 我從小就住在英格蘭。
(16)Wait until you’re called. 等著叫你吧。
(17)When she alighted from the train there was a nearly full moon. 當(dāng)她下火車時(shí),月兒快圓了。
(18)While I was saying goodbye to the rest of the guests Isabel took Sophie aside. 我正在送其他客人時(shí),伊莎貝爾把索菲拉到一邊。
(19)Now that you have come you may as well stay. 既然你已經(jīng)來(lái)了,就待下來(lái)吧。
(20)You can borrow it as long as you’re not careless with it. 你可借去用,只要你不亂用它就行。
(21)As soon as I went in, Katherine cried out with pleasure. 我一走進(jìn)去,凱瑟琳就高興地叫起來(lái)。
as,when,while,雖都表時(shí)間,但是有區(qū)別的。as多用于口語(yǔ),強(qiáng)調(diào)“同一時(shí)間”或“一先一后”。如:
(22)As I was going out, it began to rain. 當(dāng)我出門時(shí),開始下雨了。(as強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生。不強(qiáng)調(diào)開始下雨的特定時(shí)間,故須用as而不用when)
as有時(shí)還有“隨著”的含義。如:
(23)As spring warms the good earth, all flowers begin to bloom. 隨著春回大地,百花開始綻放。(句中的as也不可代之以when)
when則強(qiáng)調(diào)“特定時(shí)間”。如:
(24)When he was eating his breakfast, he heard the door bell ring. 當(dāng)他正用早餐時(shí),聽到門鈴響了。(as亦可表“特定時(shí)間”,在這個(gè)意義上二者可互換,故本句中的when可代之以as)
while也表同一時(shí)間,其所表的時(shí)間不是一點(diǎn),而是一段。如將上句的when改為while,while從句即強(qiáng)調(diào)“他吃早餐”的過(guò)程。
一些表時(shí)間的副詞和短語(yǔ)亦可引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。如:
(25)Directly he was out of sight of her he wanted to see her. 他一看不到她就想見(jiàn)她。(副詞directly引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,directly=as soon as)
(26)I didn’t wait a moment, but came immediately you called. 我一刻也沒(méi)等待,你的電話一到我就來(lái)了。(副詞immediately引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,immediately=as soon as)
(27)We’ll leave the minute you’re ready. 你準(zhǔn)備好了我們就走。(短語(yǔ)the minute引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
(28)The day he returned home, his father was already dead. 他回家的那一天,他的父親已經(jīng)死了。(短語(yǔ)the day引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
(29)Next time you come, please bring your composition. 你下次來(lái),請(qǐng)把你的作文帶來(lái)。(短語(yǔ)next time引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
(30)Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 每次我按你的意見(jiàn)辦事,總是出麻煩。(短語(yǔ)every time引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中有些成分有時(shí)可省略。如:
(31)While flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite. 當(dāng)這位飛行員飛過(guò)英格利海峽時(shí),他以為他看到的是一顆殞星。(while之后省去he was)
(32)Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled. 金屬熱脹冷縮。(兩個(gè)when之后都省去they are)
(33)Complete your work as soon as possible. 要把你的工作盡快完成。(as soon as后省去it is)
2)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句(adverbial clause of place)表地點(diǎn),其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere等。如:
(34)Corn flourishes best where the ground is rich. 谷物在土地肥沃的地方生長(zhǎng)得最好。
(35)You are able to go wherever you like. 你喜歡去哪兒就可以去哪兒。
(36)He would live with his grandmother anywhere she lived. 不管他祖母住在哪兒,他都愿和她住在一塊兒。
(37)Everywhere they appeared there were ovations. 不管他們出現(xiàn)在哪兒,都受到熱烈歡迎。
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句中有些成分??墒÷?。如:
(38)Put in articles where necessary in the following pass ages. 請(qǐng)?jiān)谙铝卸温渲械男枰幪钊牍谠~。(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句中省去了they are)
(39)Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)隨處都要避免。(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句中省去了it is)
3)原因狀語(yǔ)從句(adverbial clause of cause)表原因或理由,其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有because,as,since等。如:
(40)Lanny was worried because he hadn’t had any letter from Kurt. 蘭尼很著急,因?yàn)樗恢蔽词盏綆?kù)爾特的信。
(41)We were up early the next morning, as we wanted to be in Oxford by the afternoon. 第二天早晨我們起得很早,因?yàn)槲覀円贿t于下午到達(dá)牛頓。
(42)Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我們沒(méi)有錢,我們不能買它。
because,as,since均表“因?yàn)?rdquo;、“由于”。because語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng),用以回答why,可表已知或未知的事實(shí)。它可與強(qiáng)調(diào)詞only,just以及否定詞not連用。如:
(43)You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不該僅僅因?yàn)橛行┤苏f(shuō)了你的壞話就發(fā)怒。
because引導(dǎo)的從句通常置于主句之后,只有在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)才置于主句之前。如:
(44)Because they make more money than I do, they think they’re so superior. 因?yàn)樗麄儝赍X比我多,所以他們認(rèn)為自己高人一等。
because引導(dǎo)的從句還可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(45)It was because I wanted to see my uncle that I went to town yesterday. 我昨天是由于要去看我的叔叔而進(jìn)城的。
as語(yǔ)氣較弱,較口語(yǔ)化,所表的原因比較明顯,或是已知的事實(shí),故不需強(qiáng)調(diào)。as引導(dǎo)的從句之前不可用強(qiáng)調(diào)詞和否定詞not,亦不可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。as引導(dǎo)的從句多置于主句之前。如:
(46)As all the seats were full he stood up. 由于所有的座位都滿了,他只好站著。
since的語(yǔ)氣亦較弱,常表對(duì)方已知的事實(shí)。它和as一樣,其前亦不可用強(qiáng)調(diào)詞和否定詞not。since往往相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“既然”。如:
(47)Since you are going, I will go too. 既然你要去,我也去吧。
[注]for與上述三個(gè)從屬連詞不同,它是一個(gè)等立連詞,因此它連結(jié)的是兩個(gè)并列的分句,如The days were short, for it was now December.(這些日子白晝很短,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是十二月了。)for比較文氣,常用于筆語(yǔ)。
有些表原因的短語(yǔ)亦可引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如:
(48)I eat potatoes for the simple reason that I like them. 我吃土豆僅僅是因?yàn)槲蚁矚g土豆。(短語(yǔ)for the simple reason that引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
(49)Shut the window for fear(that) it may rain. 關(guān)上窗戶,恐怕要下雨。(短語(yǔ)for fear引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
(50)It is still in excellent condition considering that it was built 600 years ago. 它還保護(hù)完好,要知道它是600年前建的。(短語(yǔ)considering that引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
(51)Seeing that it is ten o’clock, we will not wait for Mary any long. 既然已經(jīng)十點(diǎn)鐘了,我們不再多等瑪麗。(短語(yǔ)seeing that引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
(52)In case I forget, please remind me about it. 萬(wàn)一我忘掉了,請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐乙幌隆?短語(yǔ)in case引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
(53)I do remember, now (that) you mention it. 你這一提,我倒確是想起來(lái)了。(短語(yǔ)now that引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
(54)I came to see you on the ground that Mr. Anderson said that you were interested in our project. 我來(lái)看你是因?yàn)榘驳律壬f(shuō)你對(duì)我們的計(jì)劃感興趣。(短語(yǔ)on the ground that引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
(55)Inasmuch (Insomuch) as the waves are high, I shall not go out in the boat. 由于浪大,我就不乘小船外出了。(短語(yǔ)inasmuch as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
(56)This is not a good plant for you garden in that its seeds are poisonous. 這一種植物對(duì)你的花園不好,因?yàn)樗淖延卸尽?短語(yǔ)in that引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
4)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句(adverbial clause of result)表結(jié)果,其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有that,so (that),such that,with the result that等。結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句皆置于主句之后。如:
(57)Have you another sweetheart hidden somewhere that you leave me in the cold? 你是不是暗中又有情人因而冷落我呢?
(58)She sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face. 她坐在我身后,所以我看不見(jiàn)她臉上的表情。
(59)His anger was such that he lost control of himself. 他勃然大怒,以致不能自制。
(60)I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the telephone. 我在洗澡,所以沒(méi)聽見(jiàn)電話鈴聲。
5)程度狀語(yǔ)從句(adverbial clause of degree)表動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)所達(dá)到的程度,其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有so (that),such that,as (so) far as,as (so) long as,to the degree (extent) that,in so far as等。如:
(61)Her heart beat so that he could hardly breathe. 她的心跳得幾乎喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)。
(62)His courage is such that he does not know the meaning of fear. 他膽子大,以致不知恐懼為何物。
(63)So far as the weather is concerned, I do not think it matters. 只就天氣而論,我認(rèn)為沒(méi)有什么要緊。
(64)So long as you need me, I’ll stay. 你需要我待多久,我就待多久。(或譯作:只要你需要我,我就會(huì)待下去)
(65)At that time politicians were not known to the degree they are today. 那時(shí)政治家并不像現(xiàn)在這樣出名。
(66)A computer is intelligent only to the extent that it can store information. 計(jì)算機(jī)的智能只限于它能儲(chǔ)存信息。
(67)I’ll help you in so far as I can. 我會(huì)盡力幫助你的。
6)目的狀語(yǔ)從句(adverbial clause of purpose)表目的,其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有so,so that,in order that等。目的狀語(yǔ)從句常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may(might),有時(shí)亦用shall(should)和will(would);現(xiàn)在這種從句亦可用can(could)。目的狀語(yǔ)從句多置于主句之后。如:
(68)I’ll ring him up at once so he shouldn’t wait for me. 我馬上給他掛電話,讓他別等我了。
(69)He drew a plan of the village so that she could find his house easily. 他畫一張這個(gè)村子的草圖,以便她會(huì)容易找到他的房子。
(70)I lent him £5 in order that he might go for a holiday. 我借給他5英鎊,讓他去度假。
so that和in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句被強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),可置于句首。如:
(71)So that the coming generation can learn the martial arts, he has recently devoted much time to writing books on the subject. 為了下一代能夠?qū)W會(huì)這些武術(shù),他近來(lái)花了許多時(shí)間著書立說(shuō)。
(72)In order that the grass and flowers could bloom again, it was necessary that the rocks should be removed. 為了這些花草能再開花,這些石頭必須搬走。
lest和in case也可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句,但有否定意義,意謂“以免”或“以防”。 lest引導(dǎo)的從句常用助動(dòng)詞should,would,might等虛擬式,現(xiàn)只用于書面語(yǔ),在日常生活中常代這以for fear (that)。in case引導(dǎo)的從句則常不用虛擬式。如:
(73)Take your umbrella with you, lest it should rain. 帶上你的雨傘,以防下雨。(should rain是虛擬式)
(74)Take your umbrella in case it rains. 帶上你的雨傘,以防下雨。(in case從句常不用虛擬時(shí)態(tài))
(75)He took an umbrella with him for fear it might rain. 他帶了一把雨傘,以防下雨。(for fear之后省去that)
7)條件狀語(yǔ)從句(adverbial clause of condition)表?xiàng)l件,條件有真實(shí)條件和非真實(shí)條件兩種。前者表現(xiàn)實(shí)的或可能變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的條件,后者表非現(xiàn)實(shí)的或不可能或不大可能變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的條件。關(guān)于非真實(shí)條件,已在本書“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”一章講過(guò)。這里只討論真實(shí)條件。
真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句用直陳語(yǔ)氣,其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有if,unless,suppose,supposing (that),assuming (that),providing (that),provided (that),in the event (that),just so (that),given (that),in case (that),on condition (that),as (so) long as等。這種狀語(yǔ)從句可置于主句之前或之后。如:
(76)If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country. 如果明天天晴,我們就到鄉(xiāng)下去。
(77)He won’t finish his work in time unless he works hard. 除非他努力干,否則他就不會(huì)按時(shí)把他的活干完。
(78)Suppose they did not believe him what would they do to him? 如果他們不信任他,他們會(huì)對(duì)他怎么樣。
(79)Supposing he can’t come, who will do the work? 如果他不能來(lái),這事誰(shuí)來(lái)干。
(80)Assuming that you are right, we’ll make a great deal of money from the project. 假定你是正確的,那我們將會(huì)從這項(xiàng)工程中賺得許多錢。
(81)Providing (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 如果沒(méi)有人反對(duì),我們就在這里開會(huì)。
(82)She will go provided her friends can go also. 如果她的朋友們也能去,她就去。
(83)In the event that our team wins, there will be a celebration. 如果我們隊(duì)勝了,那就要慶祝一番。
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