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薄冰英語語法 第十六章 句子的類型(1-7)

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第十六章 句子的類型

16.1 簡單句的結(jié)構(gòu)

簡單句(simple sentence)有“主語+謂語”、 “主語+謂語+主語補語”、“主語+謂語+賓語”、 “主語+謂語+賓語+賓語”、“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補語”等五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)。其它各種句子基本上皆由此五種句型縮略或擴展而成。

1)“主語+謂語” 句型可簡稱為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(SV),謂語是不及物動詞。如:

(1)Day broke. 天亮了。

(2)Things change. 事物是變化的。

2)“主語+謂語+主語補語”句型可簡稱為主謂補結(jié)構(gòu)(SVC)。如:

(3)He died young. 他年輕是就死了。

(4)John was cast as Hamlet. 約翰扮演哈姆雷特。

“主語+連系動詞+表語“句型(SLP)實質(zhì)上也是一種主、謂、主補結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

(5)He and I are pretty good swimmers. 他和我都游泳游得不錯。

(6)The doctors seemed very capable. 這些大夫好像都很能干。

3)“主語+謂語+賓語” 句型可簡稱為主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)(SVO),其謂語一般皆是及物動詞,其賓語多是直接賓語。如:

(7)Robbie didn’t deny the facts. 羅比不否認這些事實。

(8)She heard whisperings. 她聽到了一陣沙沙聲。

4)“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語” 句型可簡稱為主謂賓賓結(jié)構(gòu)(SVOO),其謂語須是可有雙賓語的及物動詞,即所謂的與格動詞(dative verb),兩個賓語多一是間接賓語,一是直接賓語。如:

(9)We gave the baby a bath. 我們給嬰孩洗了個澡。

(10)Judith paid me a visit. 朱迪思來看望了我。

有時可有兩個直接賓語。如:

(11)He asked her question. 他問了她一個問題。

5)“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補語” 句型可簡稱為主、謂、賓、賓補結(jié)構(gòu)(SVOC),其謂語須是可有這種復(fù)合賓語的及物動詞,賓語補語與賓語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。如:

(12)I found this book easy. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)此書不難。(形容詞easy用作賓語補語)

(13)They held him hostage. 他們將他扣作人質(zhì)。(名詞hostage用作賓語補語)

(14)He watched the maid come in. 他看著女傭人進來了。

(15)I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy. 我聽見他慢慢上樓來,好像扛著什么重的東西。

16.2 并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)

并列句(compound sentence)由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句并列而成。常見的并列句結(jié)構(gòu)是:簡單句+等立連詞+簡單句。這種簡單句常被叫做分句。等立連詞之前可用逗號,也可不用逗號。如:

(1)They were happy and they deserved their happiness. 他們是幸福的,他們也該得到幸福。(等立連詞是and)

(2)The signal was given, and the steamer moved slowly from the dock. 信號發(fā)出了,輪船緩緩駛出碼頭。(等立連詞是and,前有逗號)

(3)Hurry or you won’t make the train. 趕快,不然你趕不上火車。(等立連詞是or)

(4)Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. 蜜是甜的,但蜜蜂卻會蜇人。(等立連詞是but)

有時亦可不用,只用逗號、分號、冒號等把分句隔開。如:

(5)He is cruel, he is lustful, he is immensely cunning. 他殘忍,他好色,他非常狡猾。(用逗號連接)

(6)Heavy clouds rose slowly from the horizon; thunder drummed in the distance. 濃云從地平線緩緩升起,遠處雷聲隆隆。(用分號連接)

(7)He knocked at the door again and again: there was no answer. 他一再敲門,但無人應(yīng)門。(用冒號連接,表結(jié)果)

兩個或兩個以上的簡單句的關(guān)系如不很緊密,等立連詞可引導(dǎo)單獨一個句子。如:

(8)You’re alive! And she’s dead. 你活著!而她卻死了。(等立連詞and引導(dǎo)單獨句子)

(9)I’m sorry to trouble you. But can you direct me to the nearest post office? 對不起打擾一下。你可以告訴我最近的郵局在哪兒嗎?(等立連詞but引導(dǎo)單獨句子)

并列句的分句亦可用連接副詞連接。如:

(10)I had a drink, then I went home. 我喝了杯酒,然后回到了家。(連接副詞是then)

(11)It rained, therefore the game was called off. 由于有雨,因而那場球賽取消了。(連接副詞是therefore)

(12)He was angry, nevertheless he listened to me. 他生氣了,但聽我的話。(連接副詞是nevertheless)

(13)I want to go to the party—however, I have no transport. 我想去參加聚會,但我沒有交通工具。(連接副詞是however)

(14)I have only an old car; still it is better than nothing. 我只有一輛舊車,但也比沒有好。(連接副詞是still)

(15)I am busy today, so can you come tomorrow? 我今日很忙,那你能明天來嗎?(連接副詞是so)

16.3 復(fù)合句的結(jié)構(gòu)

復(fù)合句(complex sentence)由一個主句(principal clause)和一個或一上以上的從句(subordinate clause)構(gòu)成。主句是全句的主體,往往可以獨立存在;而從句僅是全句的一個句子成分,故不能獨立存在。如:

(1)We met where the road crossed. 我們是在十字路口遇見的。(we met是主句,where the road crossed是從句)

(2)I forgot to post the letter which I wrote yesterday. 我忘了把昨天寫好的信投郵了。(I forgot to post the letter是主句,which I wrote yesterday是從句)

從句雖不能單獨成句,但它也有主語部分和謂語部分。從句須由關(guān)聯(lián)詞(connective)引導(dǎo)。

引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞共有七種:

1)從屬連詞:有whether,when,although,because,if等。

(3)He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now. 如果你現(xiàn)在就把信發(fā)出,他明天就會收到。

(4)I don’t know whether he will be able to come. 我不知道他明天是否能來。

2)疑問代詞:who,whom,whose,which,what。如:

(5)Who he is doesn’t concern me. 他是誰與我無關(guān)。

(6)I don’t know what you mean. 我不知道你是什么意思。

3)疑問副詞:when,where,why,how。如:

(7)I asked how he was getting on. 我問他近況如何。

(8)I can’t understand why he was so late. 我不明白他為什么來得這么晚。

4)關(guān)系代詞:who,whom,whose,which,that。如:

(9)Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing. 懂得這一行的人是不會說這種話的。

(10)Water that is impure often causes serious illness. 水不潔常會引起重病。

5)關(guān)系副詞:when,where,why。如:

(11)July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天氣很熱的月份。

(12)She would like to live in a country where it never snows.她喜歡住在不下雪的地區(qū)。

6)縮合連接代詞:what,whatever,who,whoever,that,whichever。如:

(13)Show me what you have written. 把你所寫的東西給我看看。

(14)Whoever does wrong is punished in the end. 惡有惡報。

7)縮合連接副詞:whenever,where,wherever,however。如:

(15)Whenever he goes out, he always takes his umbrella. 他每逢出門總是帶傘。

(16)Sit wherever you like. 你愛坐哪兒都成。

從句分主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句六類。由于主語從句、表語從句和賓語從句在句中的功用相當(dāng)于名詞,故這三種從句以統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。名詞性從句所用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大抵相同,而且其前一般不用逗號。

[注]還有一種比較復(fù)雜的并列句,叫做并列復(fù)合句。并列復(fù)合句的分句有一個或多個為復(fù)合句。如:

①The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted. 那警察用懷疑的眼光看著我,并問我要干什么。

②While the men worked to strengthen the dam, the rain continued to fall; and the river, which was already well above its normal level, rose higher and higher. 當(dāng)人們正在加固河堤的時候,雨還在不停地下,已經(jīng)遠遠超過正常水位的河水漲得越來越高了。

16.4 主語從句

用作主語的從句叫做主語從句(subject clause)。引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。如:

(1)That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明顯,她們確是親姐妹,她們的臉型很相似。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞that)

(2)What she did is not yet known. 你干了什么尚不清楚。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問代詞what)

(3)How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發(fā)生的,誰也不清楚。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問副詞how)

(4)Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰來都歡迎。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接代詞whoever)

(5)Wherever you are is my home—my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我惟一的家。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接副詞wherever)

有時可用引詞it作為形式主語,將真實主語主語從句置于句末。如:

(6)It is not known yet whether they will come today. 他們今天是否會來還不知道。

(7)It is strange that he had made a mistake. 真怪,他竟做錯了。

全句如是被動結(jié)構(gòu),也常用引詞it作形式主語。如:

(8)It is said that he’s got married. 聽說他結(jié)婚了。

(9)Is it probable that it will rain today? 今天會下雨嗎?

全句如是感嘆句,則必須用引詞it作形式主語。如:

(10)How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 真奇怪,孩子們竟如此安靜!

16.5 表語從句

用作表語的從句叫做表語從句(predicative clause)。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、從屬連詞等。如:

(1)The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問代詞who)

(2)The question is how he did it. 問題是他是如何做此事的。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問副詞how)

(3)That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接代詞what)

(4)He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來還與十年前一樣。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞as)

從屬連詞that有時亦可引導(dǎo)表語從句,如:

(5)The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。

從屬連詞whether有時亦可引導(dǎo)表語從句,如:

(6)The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問題是他們是否能幫我們。

[注] 從屬連詞if一般不用來引導(dǎo)表語從句,但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語從句,如All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.(這都是20多年前的事了,但宛如昨天一樣。)。

16.6 賓語從句

用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句(object clause)。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。如:

(1)He told us he felt ill. 他對我們說他感到不舒服。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞 that)

(2)I know he has returned. 我知道他已經(jīng)回來了。(在非正式文體中關(guān)聯(lián)詞that被省去)

(3)That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. 我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。(that從句位于句首時,that不可省去)

(4)We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 鑒于他的特殊情況,我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。(主句謂語動詞decided與that從句之間有插入語,that不可省去)

(5)I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會成功。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞whether)

(6)I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否幫助我。

(7)Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人?他是干什么的?馬丁根本不知道。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問代詞who和what。從句位于句首是為了強調(diào))

(8)I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫信說什么事。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問代詞what)

(9)I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我會告訴你我為什么要你來。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問副詞why)

(10)You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接代詞what)

(11)I should like to see where you live, Jon. 我想去看看你住的地方,喬恩。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接副詞where)

賓語從句亦可用作介詞的賓語,如:

(12)He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他對那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。(what引導(dǎo)的從句是介詞by的賓語)

(13)I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。(where引導(dǎo)的從句是介詞to的賓語)

(14)I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說什么。(what引導(dǎo)的從句是復(fù)合介詞as to的賓語)

(15)Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。(what和how引導(dǎo)的從句是介詞upon的賓語)

有時介詞可以省去。如:

(16)I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管誰跟他結(jié)婚。

(17)Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。

有時全句可用引詞it作為形式賓語。如:

(18)He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English. 他很明確地說他寧愿學(xué)習(xí)英語。(真實賓語that從句前有形式賓語it)

(19)You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會幫助你。(真實賓語that從句前有形式賓語it)

有時現(xiàn)在分詞亦可后跟賓語從句,如:

(20)He has just gone away saying that he will return in an hour. 他剛走,說他一小時后回來。(that引導(dǎo)的從句是現(xiàn)在分詞saying的賓語)

16.7 直接引語與間接引語

直接引語與間接引語都是賓語。一字不改地引述別人的話,叫做直接引語(direct speech);用說話人自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話,叫做間接引語(indirect speech)。兩種引語皆須由動詞引述,這種動詞叫做引述動詞(reporting verb),如say,tell,ask,declare,remark,reply,think,write等。直接引語一般皆置于引號之內(nèi),第一個詞的首字母須大寫;間接引語通常在句中以賓語從句的形式出現(xiàn)。如:

(1)He said, “I am learning English.” 他說,“我正在學(xué)英語。”(直接引語)

(2)He said that he was learning English. 他說他正在學(xué)英語。(間接引語)

引述動詞及其主語可置于直接引語之前、之后或之中。如:

(3)He says, “She will come in the evening.” 他說,“她晚上來。”(之前)

(4)“I am very grateful,” said Fisher gravely. “我非常感謝,”費希爾嚴肅地說。(之后)

(5)“Henceforth,” he explained, “I shall call on Tuesdays.” “今后,”他解釋說,“我將每星期二來訪。”(之中)

引述動詞如是現(xiàn)在一般時或過去一般時,而主語為名詞時,則??梢缘寡b。如:

(6)“My wife always drinks coffee for breakfast,” said John. “我妻子早餐時經(jīng)常喝咖啡,”約翰說。

直接引語可以變?yōu)殚g接引語。不同種類的句子應(yīng)用不同的變化方法。

1)直接引語為陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時常由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)(口語中可省略),引述動詞常用say,tell等。同時,根據(jù)主句的要求,間接引語須在人稱、時態(tài)及其它方面作相應(yīng)的變化。

a)人稱的變化。如:

(7)The teacher said, “John, you must bring your book to the class.” 教師說,“約翰,你必須把你的書帶到班上來。”(直接引語)

(8)The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class. 教師告訴約翰他必須把他的書帶到班上來。”(間接引語)

(9)The teacher said that you must bring your book to the class. 教師說你必須把你的書帶到班上來。”(間接引語,別人對約翰說)

(10)The teacher said that I must bring my book to the class. 教師說我必須把我的書帶到班上來。”(間接引語,約翰自己說)

b)指示代詞的變化。如:

(11)He said, “I like this book.” 他說,“我喜歡這本書。”(直接引語)

(12)He said that he liked this book. 他說他喜歡這本書。(間接引語,書在眼前)

(13)He said that he liked that book. 他說他喜歡那本書。(間接引語,書不在眼前)

)時間狀語的變化。如:

(14)He said, “I saw her yesterday.” 他說,“我昨天見過她。”(直接引語)

(15)He said that he saw her yesterday. 他說他昨天見過她。(間接引語的主句與直接引語的主句的動作在同一天發(fā)生,仍用yesterday)

(16)He said that he had seen her the day before. 他說他前一天曾見過她。(間接引語的主句的動作發(fā)生在直接引語的主句的動作之后,yesterday改為the day before,同時改用完成時態(tài))

經(jīng)常改動的時間狀語有:

now—then

ago—before

today—that day

tomorrow—the next day,the following day

yesterday—the day before,the previous day

the day before yesterday—two days before

the day after tomorrow—two days later

d)地點狀語的變化。如:

(17)He said, “I will do it here.” 他說,“我就在這兒干。”

(18)He said he would do it there. 他說他就在那兒干。

e)時態(tài)的變化。主句為現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)時,間接引語的時態(tài)不變。如:

(19)He says, “I’m tired.” 他說,“我累了。”(主句為現(xiàn)在時,直接引語亦為現(xiàn)在時)

(20)He says he is tired. 他說他累了。(間接引語時態(tài)不變)

(21)He has said to me, “I’m tired.” 他跟我說,“我累了。”(主句為現(xiàn)在完成時,直接引語為現(xiàn)在一般時)

(22)He has said to me he is tired. 他跟我說他累了。(間接引語的時態(tài)不變)

(23)He will say, “The boy was lazy.” 他將會說,“那男孩過去懶惰。”(主句為將來一般時,直接引語為過去時)

(24)He will tell you that the boy was lazy. 他將會告訴你那男孩過去懶惰。(間接引語仍為過去一般時)

但主句為過去時態(tài)時,間接引語則一般應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的變化,這就是所謂的“時態(tài)呼應(yīng)”(sequence of tenses)。如:

(25)He said, “I’m sorry.” 他說,“對不起。”(直接引語為現(xiàn)在一般時)

(26)He said he was sorry. 他說對不起。(間接引語變?yōu)檫^去一般時)

(27)He said, “You haven’t changed much.” 他說,“你可變化不大呀。”(直接引語為現(xiàn)在完成時)

(28)He said that I hadn’t changed much. 他說我變化不大。(間接引語變?yōu)檫^去完成時)

(29)She said, “He’s waiting.” 她說,“他正在等著呢。”(直接引語為現(xiàn)在進行時)

(30)She said he was waiting. 她說他正在等著呢。(間接引語變?yōu)檫^去進行時)

(31)She said, “He has been waiting.” 她說,“他一直在等著呢。”(直接引語為現(xiàn)在完成進行時)

(32)She said he had been waiting. 她說他一直在等著。(間接引語變?yōu)檫^去完成進行時)

[注]在有些句子中,現(xiàn)在時態(tài)保持不變。如:

①“The earth moves around the sun.” The teacher told us. “地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn),”老師告訴我們說。(直接引語為現(xiàn)在一般時)

②The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun. 老師告訴我們說地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。(間接引語仍用現(xiàn)在一般時)

(33)He said, “The man came at six.” 他說,“那人是六點來的。”(直接引語為過去一般時)

(34)He said that the man had come at six. 他說那人是六點來的。(間接引語變?yōu)檫^去完成時)

(35)He said, “The rain was falling yesterday.” 他說,“昨天在下雨。”(直接引語為過去進行時)

(36)He said that the rain had been falling the day before. 他說前一天一直在下雨。(間接引語變?yōu)檫^去完成進行時)

[注]如是不會引起誤會,直接引語中的過去一般時和過去進行時,在間接引語中亦可不變。直接引語中的過去完成時或過去完成進行時自然亦不變。

(37)She said, “He will come late.” 她說,“他要遲到了。”(直接引語為將來一般時)

(38)She said he would come late. 她說他要遲到了。(間接引語變?yōu)檫^去將來時)

(39)He said, “I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.” 他說,“我將于這個周末前讀完這本書。”(直接引語為將來完成時)

(40)He said that he would have finished reading the book by the end of that week.” 他說他將在那個周末前讀完這本書。(間接引語變?yōu)檫^去將來完成時)

(41)He said, “I’ll be seeing you off on the 10 o’clock train.” 他說,“我將送你乘十點鐘的火車。”(直接引語為將來進行時)

(42)He said that he would be seeing me off on the 10 o’clock train.” 他說他將送我乘十點鐘的火車。(間接引語變?yōu)檫^去將來完成時)

(43)She said, “He can swim very well.” 她說,“他游泳游得很好。”(直接引語為含情態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在一般時)

(44)She said that he could swim very well. 她說他游泳游得很好。(間接引語中情態(tài)動詞為過去一般時)

[注]如直接引語為過去一般時,間接引語仍用過去一般時。有些情態(tài)動詞如must,ought to,need,had better等只有一種形式,故在間接引語中其形式不變。如:

(45)“If he were here, he would vote for the motion,” she said. “假如他在這里,他是會投票贊成這項動議的,”她說。(直接引語為虛擬語氣過去一般時和過去將來時)

(46)She said that if he had been there, he would have voted for the motion. 她說假如他在那里,他是會投票贊成這項動議的。(間接引語變?yōu)樘摂M語氣過去完成時和過去將來完成時)

2)直接引語為疑問句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時關(guān)聯(lián)詞用whether,if或其它疑問詞;詞序與一般從句相同,be,have等助動詞皆置于主語之后;引述動詞常用say,ask,wonder,inquire等。直接引語為陳述句時變?yōu)殚g接引語應(yīng)作各種變化的要求亦同樣適用。

a)直接引語為一般疑問句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時應(yīng)由whether或if引導(dǎo)。如:

(47)He said to us, “Are you away today?” 他對我們說,“你們今天走嗎?”(直接引語為一般疑問句)

(48)He asked us whether we were going away that day. 他問我們是否那一天走。(間接引語用whether引導(dǎo))

(49)“Is he your brother?” She said. “他是你的兄弟嗎?”她問。(直接引語為一般疑問句)

(50)She asked me if he was my brother. 她問我他是不是我的兄弟。(間接引語用if引導(dǎo))

b)直接引語為特殊疑問句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時,其關(guān)聯(lián)詞應(yīng)用疑問代詞或疑問副詞。如:

(51)“Who will help me finish the job?” She asked. “誰愿幫我完成這項工作?”她問道。(直接引語為特殊疑問句)

(52)She asked who would help her finish the job. 她問誰愿幫她完成這項工作?(間接引語用疑問代詞who引導(dǎo))

(53)“What have you done?” He asked. “你干什么了?”他問道。(直接引語為特殊疑問句)

(54)He asked what I’d done. 他問我干什么了?(間接引語用疑問代詞what引導(dǎo))

(55)“Where is it?” He asked. “它在哪兒?”他問道。(直接引語為特殊疑問句)

(56)He asked where it was. 他問它在哪兒。(間接引語用疑問副詞where引導(dǎo))

(57)“When will he come?” She asked. “他什么時候來?”她問道。(直接引語為特殊疑問句)

(58)She asked when he would come. 她問他什么時候來。(間接引語用疑問副詞when引導(dǎo))

[注]下面兩句中間接引語的詞序都是對的:

①Tell me who he is. 告訴我他是誰。(who是從句中的表語)

②Tell me who is he. 告訴我他是誰。(who是從句中的主語)

c)直接引語為選擇疑問句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時應(yīng)用whether…or…。如:

(59)“Do you like tea or coffee?” She asked me. “你喜歡喝茶還是咖啡?”她問我

(60)She asked me whether I like tea or coffee. 她問我喜歡喝茶還是喝咖啡。

3)直接引語為祈使句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時多用“名詞(代詞)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),引述動詞常用ask,tell,say,order等。如:

(61)I said to her, “Please give me a glass of water.” 我對她說,“請給我一杯水。”(直接引語為祈使句)

(62)I asked her to give me a glass of water. 我請她給我一杯水。(間接引語中ask表請求)

(63)She said to him, “Come at five o’clock.” 她對他說,“五點鐘來吧。”(直接引語為祈使句)

(64)She told him to come at five o’clock. 她要他五點鐘來。(間接引語中tell表命令)

4)直接引語為感嘆句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時,引述動詞有tell,exclaim,等。如:

(65)“What a brave boy you are!” She told him. “你是一個多么勇敢和男孩子啊!”她對他說。(直接引語為感嘆句)

(66)She told him what a brave boy he was. 她對他說他是一個多么勇敢和男孩子啊!

(間接引語中引述動詞用tell)

有時間接引語可用that引導(dǎo),如:

(67)He said, “Alas! How foolish I have been!” 他說,“哎,我多傻啊!”(直接引語為感嘆句)

(68)He confessed with regret that he had been very foolish. 他悔恨地承認他太傻了。(間接引語中引述動詞用confess)


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