英漢翻譯的原理與實(shí)踐unit09

Unit 9

I、課外練習(xí)參考譯文：

如果在11世紀(jì)作一項(xiàng)職業(yè)調(diào)查的話(huà)，也許會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，竟有90%的人住在農(nóng)村，依靠農(nóng)耕、放牧、捕魚(yú)或采伐謀生。當(dāng)時(shí)如果拍下一張航攝照片的話(huà)，可以看到未經(jīng)鋪設(shè)的道路連接的散落村子，中間隔著一片片的森林或沼澤。也有幾座城鎮(zhèn)，但人口很少有超過(guò)一萬(wàn)的。在14世紀(jì)中葉再拍一張照片，可以看到村子的數(shù)目多了，分布也廣了，因?yàn)闅W洲人開(kāi)辟了新的定居地區(qū)，從而拓展了疆域。道路上和江海上往來(lái)的人多了，他們把糧食或原料運(yùn)往城鎮(zhèn)。城鎮(zhèn)的數(shù)目多了，規(guī)模大了，重要性也增加了。但是，如果在1450年前后拍一張照片的話(huà)，就會(huì)看到在此以前的幾百年間幾乎沒(méi)有繼續(xù)發(fā)展。

要想描寫(xiě)這幾百年間農(nóng)村的情形無(wú)法做到，困難有二。首先，我們必須觀察的是歐洲375萬(wàn)平方英里的大部分地區(qū)，而不僅僅是地中海一帶地方。其次，這一廣闊地區(qū)的居民無(wú)法用我們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式去進(jìn)行劃分，他們也不是一成不變。

1450年時(shí)可能大多歐洲人住在村落里，但有些地區(qū)山陵起伏，缺少沃土，或者砍伐過(guò)度，村落難以維持，只有一些孤獨(dú)的牧民集居于此。有些地區(qū)通往集市的交通較其他地區(qū)方便，因而從事商業(yè)性農(nóng)業(yè)多于單一耕作。大土地主比小地主更有可能對(duì)其地產(chǎn)，尤其是其領(lǐng)地，進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)化的管理--而且作了記載，使我們得以從中了解有關(guān)本課題的大部分情況。有些地區(qū)沒(méi)有實(shí)施過(guò)多少封建統(tǒng)治，農(nóng)民很少受到領(lǐng)主的管轄，甚至很少受到地主的管轄。有些地區(qū)是新定居地，對(duì)租地戶(hù)提供寬松的租賃條件來(lái)吸引他們開(kāi)墾荒地。最后一點(diǎn)是時(shí)代因素：作為12到15世紀(jì)時(shí)期特征的發(fā)展和繁榮所產(chǎn)生并具有的種種條件，并不適合在此之前的動(dòng)蕩歲月，也不適合在此之后的貧乏年代。

II、英漢翻譯原理第四講：怎樣表達(dá)譯文?(續(xù))

二、要避免照搬英漢詞典的釋義：(續(xù))

【例70】 The team is famous for its arsenal of veteran players.

【譯文】 這個(gè)球隊(duì)擁有眾多經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的老隊(duì)員，很有名氣。

【例71】 These new shoes squeak.

【譯文】 這雙新鞋走起路來(lái)咯吱咯吱響。

三、要充分運(yùn)用漢語(yǔ)獨(dú)特的表達(dá)優(yōu)勢(shì)：

【例72】 Whatever you like to eat, just tell me.

×無(wú)論你想吃什么東西，只要告訴我。

【譯文】 想吃什么，只要告訴我。

【例73】 Even if you go there, there wouldn't be any result.

×即使你去了，也不會(huì)有什么結(jié)果。

【譯文】 你去了也是白去。

【例74】 I grieve to leave Thornfield: I love Thornfield -- I love it, because I have lived in it a full and delightful life -- momentarily at least. I have not been trampled on. I have not been petrified. I have nor been burned with inferior minds, and excluded from every glimpse of communion with what is bright and energetic and high. I have talked, face to face with what I reverence, with what I delight in -- with an original, a vigorous, an expanded mind. I have known you, Mr. Rochester; and it strikes me with terror and anguish to feel I absolutely must be torn from you for ever. I see the necessity of departure; and it is like looking on the necessity of death.

【譯文】 離開(kāi)桑菲爾德，我黯然神傷：我愛(ài)此地--因?yàn)榇说卦羞^(guò)一段充實(shí)愉悅的日子--至少曾短時(shí)間有過(guò)。我沒(méi)有遭人踐踏，沒(méi)有變得麻木，沒(méi)有埋沒(méi)于小人堆里，沒(méi)有脫離過(guò)明媚燦爛、生機(jī)勃勃、高尚脫俗的一切，始終與之息息相通。在此曾經(jīng)與一位十分崇敬、樂(lè)意與之交談的人--一位思想獨(dú)創(chuàng)、精力充沛、心胸開(kāi)闊的人--直面傾談。羅切斯特先生，與你相識(shí)了，卻又一定要與你永遠(yuǎn)分離，想到此處令我既感恐懼又覺(jué)痛楚，猶如面對(duì)必將來(lái)臨的死亡。

【例75】 Wounded as he was, it was wonderful how fast he could move, his grizzled hair tumbling over his face, and his face itself red with his haste and fury.

【譯文】 他雖然受了傷， 動(dòng)作卻快得出奇，斑白的頭發(fā)披散在臉前，臉也因氣急敗壞而漲得通紅。

【例76】 As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. There is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his ambition.

【譯文】 因?yàn)閯P撒愛(ài)我，我為他哭泣;因?yàn)樗疫\(yùn)，我為他高興;因?yàn)樗⒂?，我?duì)他尊崇;但因?yàn)樗幸靶?，我就刺殺了他。用眼淚匯報(bào)他的愛(ài);用歡樂(lè)慶祝他的幸運(yùn);用尊崇紀(jì)念他的英勇;而用刺殺制止他的野心。

【例77】 A big nation has its problems while a small nation has its advantages.

【譯文】 大國(guó)有大國(guó)的問(wèn)題，小國(guó)有小國(guó)的好處。

【例78】 Foreign intervention will thus find justification.

×外國(guó)的干涉因此而找到正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛伞?/p>

【譯文】 外國(guó)的干涉因此而名正言順。

【例79】 He spoke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes were dim.

×他講得很堅(jiān)定，但臉色很凄傷，雙眼閃出悲觀的神情。

【譯文】 他講話(huà)時(shí)語(yǔ)氣堅(jiān)定，但面帶愁容，眼神暗淡。

【例80】 He was but a man with many grey hairs, with a heavy burden of responsibility, of thoughts and worries.

×他已是長(zhǎng)了許多灰發(fā)、肩負(fù)重任、心中充滿(mǎn)思考和憂(yōu)慮的人。

【譯文】 他已是鬢發(fā)斑白，肩負(fù)重任，思緒萬(wàn)千，焦慮滿(mǎn)懷。

【例81】 Gathering facts, confirming then, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings -- this is all the work of science.

×收集資料，對(duì)它們進(jìn)行論證，提出理論，對(duì)它們進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，加上對(duì)研究成果進(jìn)行歸納整理--這就是全部的科學(xué)工作。

【譯文】 收集資料，論證資料，提出理論，檢驗(yàn)理論，并對(duì)研究成果進(jìn)行歸納整理--這就是科學(xué)工作的全部?jī)?nèi)容。

III、課堂練習(xí)(將以下句子譯成漢語(yǔ)，并注意運(yùn)用漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)優(yōu)勢(shì)使譯文盡量通順流暢)：

1.He intends to take an action in grand style.

2.He arrived on Sunday night, tired and dusty.

3.This type of marriage is characterized by constant conflict, tension, and bitterness.

4.The nation's tradition, its instincts, and its interest make it opposed to Germany.

5.Education suggests both the process and the result of developing the mind's capacity and scope.

6.Small talk is what friends make when standing around doing nothing. Small talk serves as a good ice breaker when people do not know each other.

7.Primary commodities constitute the determining factor of employment, income, living standards and government development expenditure in the vast majority of developing countries.

8.Under the moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans' ends -- valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right.

IV、課堂練習(xí)參考譯文：

1.他想轟轟烈烈地大干一場(chǎng)。

2.他星期日晚上到了，風(fēng)塵仆仆，精疲力竭，

3.這種婚姻關(guān)系的特點(diǎn)是沖突不斷、關(guān)系緊張、怨恨不已。

4.該民族的歷史傳統(tǒng)、民族本能和民眾愛(ài)好都使其與德國(guó)勢(shì)不兩立。

5.教育同時(shí)意味著培養(yǎng)智能和拓展視野的過(guò)程和結(jié)果。

6.朋友們相聚無(wú)所事事的時(shí)候會(huì)閑談，陌生人見(jiàn)面為打破沉寂的時(shí)候也會(huì)閑談。

7.初級(jí)商品對(duì)于大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國(guó)家都是關(guān)系到就業(yè)收入、生活水平和政府發(fā)展費(fèi)用的決定性因素。

8.按照這一道德戒律，我們應(yīng)規(guī)避克隆人的做法，因?yàn)檫@種做法必然會(huì)造成把人作為他人達(dá)到目的的手段，把人看作一個(gè)個(gè)所愛(ài)之人的復(fù)制品，或者看作一組組的人體器官，而不是看作一個(gè)個(gè)具有獨(dú)立人格的人。

V、課外練習(xí)(正確理解下列短文，并將其譯成漢語(yǔ))：

Science finds order and meaning in our experience, and sets about this in quite a different way. It sets about it as Newton did in the story which he himself told in his old age, and of which the schoolbooks give only a caricature.

In the year 1665, when Newton was twenty-two, the plague broke out in southern England, and the University of Cambridge was closed. Newton therefore spent the next eighteen months at home, removed from traditional learning, at a time when he was impatient for knowledge and, in his own phrase, "I was in the prime of my age for invention." In this eager, boyish mood, sitting one day in the garden of his widowed mother, he saw an apple fall.

What struck the young Newton at the sight was not the thought that the apple must be drawn to the earth by gravity; that conception was older than Newton. What struck him was the conjecture that the same force of gravity, which reaches to the top of the tree, might go on reaching out beyond the earth and its air, endlessly into space. Gravity might reach the moon: this was Newton's new thought; and it might be gravity which holds the moon in her orbit.

There and then he calculated what force from the earth would hold the moon, and compared it with the known force of gravity at tree height. The forces agreed; Newton says laconically, "I found the answer pretty nearly." Yet they agreed only nearly: the likeness and the approximation go together, for no likeness is exact. In Newton's science modern science is full grown. (272 words)