Freed by warming, waters once locked beneath ice are gnawing at coastal settlements around the Arctic Circle.
In Bykovsky, a village of 457 residents at the tip of a fin-shaped peninsula on Russia's northeast coast, the shoreline is collapsing, creeping closer and closer to houses and tanks of heating oil,at a rate of 15 to 18 feet, or 5 to 6 meters, a year. Eventually, homes will be lost as more ice melts each summer, and maybe all of Bykovsky, too.
“It is practically all ice — permafrost — and it is thawing. ” The 4 million Russian people who live north of the Arctic Circle are feeling the effects of warming in many ways. A changing climate presents new opportunities, but it also threatens their environment, the stability of their homes, and,for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness, the preservation of their culture.
A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. Discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil or liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed for the eager markets of Europe and North America. Land that was untouched could be tainted by air and water pollution as generators, smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry.
Coastal erosion is a problem in Alaska as well, forcing the United States to prepare to relocate several Inuit coastal villages at a projected cost of US $ 100 million or more for each one.
Across the Arctic, indigenous tribes with cultural traditions shaped by centuries of living in extremes of cold and ice are noticing changes in weather and wildlife. They are trying to adapt, but it can be confounding.
In Finnmark, the northernmost province of Norway, the Arctic landscape unfolds in late winter as an endless snowy plateau, silent but for the cries of the reindeer and the occasional whine of a snowmobile herding them.
A changing Arctic is felt there, too, though in another way. "The reindeer are becoming unhappy," said Issat Eira, a 31-year-old reindeer herder.
Few countries rival Norway when it comes to protecting the environment and preserving indigenous customs. The state has lavished its oil wealth on the region, and as a result Sami culture has enjoyed something of a renaissance.
And yet no amount of government support can convince Eira that his livelihood, intractably entwined with the reindeer, is not about to change. Like a Texas cattleman he keeps the size of his herd secret. But he said warmer temperatures in fall and spring are melting the top layers of snow, which then refreeze as ice, making it harder for his reindeer to dig through to the lichen they eat.
"The people who are making the decisions, they are living in the south and they are living in towns,” said Eira, sitting beside a birch fire inside his lavvu, a home made of reindeer hides. "They don't mark the change of weather. It is only people who live in nature and get resources from nature who mark it. ”
Section 2: Chinese-English Translation (50 points)
中國(guó)為種類繁多的菜肴感到十分自豪。飲食是中國(guó)文化的一大要素。中國(guó)共有8大菜系,包括辛辣的川菜和清淡的粵菜。中國(guó)餐館在 世界各地很受歡迎。
然而,中國(guó)人的生活方式日益變化,無論是自己下廚還是上餐 館,都出現(xiàn)了全新的飲食習(xí)慣。在一些傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)菜中,添加了奶酪 和番茄醬。城市消費(fèi)者頻繁地光顧一些快餐連鎖店,包括麥當(dāng)勞、肯 德基和必勝客。市場(chǎng)調(diào)查顯示,在未來幾年里,西式快餐的消費(fèi)在中 國(guó)將以每年超過45%的速度持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),而中式快餐店有望增加15%。 收入的不斷增長(zhǎng),對(duì)國(guó)際食品更多的了解,加上超市購(gòu)物的便 捷,使中國(guó)出現(xiàn)了更樂于嘗試包裝及罐裝食品的新一代消費(fèi)者。隨著 越來越多的家庭擁有冰箱,超市的冷凍食品不斷增加,從速凍餃子到 炸薯?xiàng)l應(yīng)有盡有。綠色有機(jī)食品也出現(xiàn)在大城市的商店里,但價(jià)格可 能比傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品貴很多。
由于生活方式的變化,越來越多的中國(guó)人不愿每天都采購(gòu)食品。 這使包裝食品更容易為大眾所接受。隨著有車族的增加和新城區(qū)的涌 現(xiàn),超市更是日益流行。
Section 1:英譯漢(50 分)
氣候變暖,原來壓在冰層下面的水自由流動(dòng),正侵蝕著北極圈附近沿岸的居民點(diǎn)。
畢考夫斯基村是一個(gè)有457 口人的村莊,地處俄羅斯東北部沿海 一個(gè)鰭形半島的頂端。那里的海岸正在崩潰,離房屋和取暖用油的油 罐越來越近,后撤的速度是每年18英尺,即5-6米。每年夏季,冰繼續(xù)融化,最后家園將會(huì)消失,整個(gè)畢考夫斯基村可能也將不復(fù)存在。
“幾乎到處是冰——永凍土——現(xiàn)在卻在融化。”生活在北極圈 以北的400萬俄羅斯人在許多方面感受到氣候變曖的影響。氣候變化 帶來新的機(jī)遇,但同時(shí)也威脅著他們的環(huán)境,烕脅著他們家園的穩(wěn) 定,對(duì)那些以冰雪荒原為其傳統(tǒng)之根基的人來說,也威脅著他們文化
的生存。
開發(fā)北方的步伐因北極海域的冰融化而加快。這對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匕傩諄?說,既會(huì)帶來好處,也會(huì)帶來危險(xiǎn)。巴倫支海和喀拉海大油田的發(fā)現(xiàn) 增加了人們對(duì)災(zāi)難性事故的恐懼,因?yàn)椴粩嘤袧M載石油或液化氣的船 只穿過斯堪的納維亞半島沿海的漁場(chǎng),駛往望眼欲穿的歐洲和北美市 場(chǎng)。隨著發(fā)電機(jī)、大煙囪和大型運(yùn)輸工具不斷涌現(xiàn),以支持能源工業(yè) 的發(fā)展,過去人跡罕見的地方可能會(huì)遭受空氣和水污染。
海岸的侵蝕在阿拉斯加也是一個(gè)問題,迫使美國(guó)準(zhǔn)備將沿岸好幾 處因紐特人的村莊遷往他處,估計(jì)每遷一個(gè)村子要耗資一億美元。
在北極圈內(nèi),當(dāng)?shù)夭柯鋽?shù)百年來生活在嚴(yán)寒與冰雪之中,并形成 了自己的文化傳統(tǒng)。現(xiàn)在他們感受到氣候和野生動(dòng)物的變化,試圖適 應(yīng)這種狀況,但不知如何是好。
在挪威最北邊的芬馬克省,北極風(fēng)光在冬末展現(xiàn)出來,是一望無 際的冰雪高原,一片寂靜,只能聽到馴鹿的叫聲,和偶爾傳來的放牧 人摩托雪橇的嗡嗡聲。
北極的變化在這里也能感受到,不過方式不同。“馴鹿變得不如 以前自在了,” 31歲的養(yǎng)鹿人伊薩特•艾伊拉說。
在保護(hù)環(huán)境和保存地方習(xí)俗方面,沒有幾個(gè)國(guó)家能與挪威相比。 挪威把大量的石油收入用于這一地區(qū),使得薩米文化仿佛經(jīng)歷了一場(chǎng) 文藝復(fù)興。
然而不論政府給以多大的幫助,也無法使艾伊拉相信他那與馴鹿 交織在一起的生活眼下不會(huì)發(fā)生變化。跟得克薩斯州的養(yǎng)牛人一樣, 他對(duì)他的牲畜數(shù)量保密。不過他說秋季和春季溫度升高,將表層積雪 融化,隨后又凍成冰,這使他的馴鹿隔著冰層難以吃到地衣。
艾伊拉說:“決策人都住在南邊,住在城市里。他們不注意天氣 的變化。只有在大自然里討生活的人才注意天氣的變化。”他是坐在 家里的火爐邊說這番話的,火爐里燒的是樺木。他的家是用馴鹿皮搭 成的,這種居所叫做“拉屋”。
Section 2:漢譯英(50 分)
China takes great pride in its varied cuisines, and food is an important element of the Chinese culture. There are eight principal cuisines, including the spicy Sichuan dishes and the light Cantonese cooking. Chinese restaurants are very popular in all parts of the world.
However, changing lifestyles in China have led to new eating habits at home and in restaurants. Cheese and tomato sauces are being brought into some traditional Chinese dishes. Urban consumers have taken readily to fast-food chains, such as McDonald's, KFC and Pizza Hut. Market research shows that Western-style fast-food consumption will continue to grow in China, at an annual rate of more than 45 percent in the coming few years, while Chinese fast-food outlets are projected to grow by 15 percent.
Rising incomes, combined with greater awareness of international foods and convenient supermarket, have led to the emergence of a new generation of consumers who are more willing to try packaged and canned food products. As more and more households own refrigerators,frozen food, from ready-made dumplings to French fries, are available in supermarkets. Organic products can also be found at stores in big cities, although they can be much more expensive than conventional products.
Owing to changed lifestyles, a growing number of Chinese are unwilling to go shopping for food every day, leading to an increased acceptance of packaged items. Rising car ownership and the emergence of new suburbs are additional factors in the growing popularity of supermarkets.
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