時(shí)差N小時(shí):職業(yè)安全與健康法

Congress first dealt with issues of safety and healthin the workplace in 1890, when legislation waspassed for safety standards in coal mines. Over thenext several decades, more complicatedmachinery and new chemicals entered theworkplace yearly, posing new hazards to workers.

國(guó)會(huì)第一次處理職業(yè)安全與健康的問(wèn)題是在1890年，當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)會(huì)立法通過(guò)了煤礦安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在接下來(lái)的幾十年里，每年都有更復(fù)雜的機(jī)器和新化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)入工作場(chǎng)所，給勞動(dòng)者帶來(lái)了新的危害。

By the late 1960s, an estimated 14,000 workers were dying on the job each year, and over 2million were suffering disabling injuries from work-related accidents. For years business andlabor groups wrangled over the need for federal legislation.

到20世紀(jì)60年代后期，據(jù)估計(jì)每年都有一萬(wàn)四千多名工人因工致死，還有超過(guò)兩百萬(wàn)工人因工受傷或致殘。多年來(lái)，工商界和勞動(dòng)團(tuán)體就聯(lián)邦立法的需要一直爭(zhēng)論不休。

Opinion in Congress was deeply split over what form legislation might take, but in 1970Congress finally approved the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which would establish theOccupational Safety and Health Agency, or "OSHA." OSHA quickly became one of the federalgovernment's most disliked agencies.

國(guó)會(huì)內(nèi)部在確定立法形式上發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重分歧，但最終于1970年批準(zhǔn)通過(guò)職業(yè)安全與健康條例，并依法成立了職業(yè)安全與健康署，即 OSHA。OSHA 很快就成為聯(lián)邦政府內(nèi)部最不受歡迎的部門(mén)之一。

Businesses complained that they faced scores of nit-picking rules, high compliance costs, andarbitrary inspections. In response, OSHA scaled back many of its original rules, and focusedits safety inspections on the most dangerous workplaces. Employment in the U.S. has morethan doubled since the creation of OSHA, but during the same time period, occupationalinjury and illness rates declined 40 percent, and the number of workplace fatalities dropped by60 percent.

企業(yè)們抱怨他們要面對(duì)大量挑剔的規(guī)則，高昂的成本以及專(zhuān)制的檢查。作為回應(yīng)，OSHA 縮減了原有規(guī)則的數(shù)量，將安檢力度集中在最危險(xiǎn)的工作崗位上。自從 OSHA 成立以來(lái)，美國(guó)就業(yè)人數(shù)翻了一番多。與此同時(shí)，因工受傷、患病的概率下降了40%，并且因公死亡事件降低了60%。