信用證是銀行用以保證買方或進(jìn)口方有支付能力的憑證(promissory note)。在國際貿(mào)易活動中,買賣雙方可能互不信任。買方擔(dān)心預(yù)付款付過后賣方不按合同要求發(fā)貨;賣方也擔(dān)心在發(fā)貨或提交貨運(yùn)單據(jù)后買方不付款。因此需要兩家銀行作為買賣雙方的中間人(intermediaries),代為收款、交單,以銀行信用代替商業(yè)信用。信用證通常也要涉及一些具體文件,包含提單(bill of lading)、領(lǐng)事發(fā)票(consular invoice)、保險(xiǎn)單(insurance policy)。此外,信用證還包括有效期截止時(shí)間(expiration date)。
買方要求(buyer request)
買方,也就是進(jìn)口方,首先必須將貨款交存銀行并開信用證。信用證中將體現(xiàn)買賣雙方達(dá)成的條件(terms of the sale)。然后該銀行將通知異地賣方開戶銀行。
⊙I would like to apply for a letter of credit.我想申請信用證。
⊙The letter of credit functions as our contract with these guys.信用證就相當(dāng)于我們和那些朋友們的合同。
⊙All the shipping requirements are listed in the letter of credit.所有的貨運(yùn)要求都在信用證中體現(xiàn)了。
⊙Here are the specifics that should be included in our letter of credit.這些內(nèi)容都是要在信用證中包含的具體細(xì)節(jié)。
⊙Everything is documented in the letter of credit.在信用證中,所有的內(nèi)容都有記錄。
⊙When is the expiration date on the letter of credit?信用證的有效期截止到什么時(shí)候?
⊙Does the letter of credit detail insurance requirements?信用證中對保險(xiǎn)的要求有描述嗎?
⊙Let's set our transaction up with a letter of credit.讓我們以信用證方式來交易。
審核(review)
一定要審核銀行開的信用證內(nèi)容。因?yàn)榇蟛糠中庞米C一旦開出就無法撤銷(irrevocable)。同時(shí)也應(yīng)該仔細(xì)檢查提單(bill of landing)(副本)的內(nèi)容,因?yàn)樘釂涡畔⒁矊⒉糠址从吃谛庞米C上。提單是賣方發(fā)貨的指示性(instructions)文件。
⊙Do you see any mistakes?
你看到什么錯誤了嗎?
⊙Everything looks good.看上去都挺好的。
⊙I think we need to make an amendment.我想我們得修改部分內(nèi)容。
從進(jìn)口方銀行到出口方銀行
信用證開出后,賣方將等待其開戶行確認(rèn)信息(wait for confirmation)。買方銀行將會把信用證發(fā)給賣方銀行確認(rèn)信息。此后,賣方銀行將準(zhǔn)備一份確認(rèn)函隨同信用證一同發(fā)給(forward to)賣方。
⊙Has the letter of credit gone out to their bank yet?信用證已經(jīng)發(fā)到他們的銀行去了嗎?
⊙How long do you expect to wait before the letter of credit is processed?你們還想等多久才開始開信用證?
確認(rèn)
出口方在收到信用證并核對后,將按照信用證中出貨條款(terms of conditions)聯(lián)系貨運(yùn)代理商(freight forwarder),按照規(guī)定把貨物運(yùn)送到對應(yīng)的港口或機(jī)場(port or airport)。
⊙The shipping date is confirmed for June 25th.發(fā)貨時(shí)間確認(rèn)為6月25日。
⊙The goods will be delivered to the Los Angeles port.貨物將被運(yùn)送到洛杉磯港。
確認(rèn)和收貨
進(jìn)口方通過銀行收到貨物的確認(rèn)信息,所有文件到齊后就可以提貨(claim the goods)。另一方面,在貨運(yùn)代理商提取貨物之后,進(jìn)口方銀行將按照規(guī)定時(shí)間(at the time specified)向出口方銀行開支票或匯票(a check or draft),隨后出口方銀行再轉(zhuǎn)賬到賣方賬戶,交易結(jié)束。
⊙Everything's good to go, so you can claim your goods.一切都正常,你可以提貨了。
⊙The freight can be received once the documentation is all in order.所有的單據(jù)正確提交后就可以收貨了。
總結(jié)
信用證是國際貿(mào)易中最主要和最常見的支付形式。在國際貿(mào)易中,為了在最大程度上確保自身利益,買賣雙方請銀行做支付擔(dān)保,以信用證的形式來降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Words 單詞表
client客戶
contract合同,契約
deliver交付
detail細(xì)節(jié)
expect期望,預(yù)期
goods產(chǎn)品
insurance保險(xiǎn)
mistake錯誤
port 港口
process從事,進(jìn)行
requirement必要條件,需要
responsible負(fù)有責(zé)任的
shipment裝運(yùn),運(yùn)輸,運(yùn)送
specific明確的,具體的,特定的
supplier供貨商,供應(yīng)商
Phrases 短語表
agree on the terms同意某些條款
be detailed out被詳細(xì)描述
expiration date到期日,截止日期
freight forwarder貨運(yùn)代理
function as具……功能,起……作用
go out to the bank發(fā)給銀行
hammer out(details)敲定(細(xì)節(jié))
be included in包含在內(nèi)
just barely勉強(qiáng),剛剛
just yet但只要,恰好現(xiàn)在
look good看起來不錯
make an amendment修改
make it that far做到那一步/那么快
put sth together組成整體,整理
receive word接到消息,得到風(fēng)聲
shipping date出貨日期,貨運(yùn)時(shí)間
sign a contract簽訂合同
these guys這些家伙,這些朋友
實(shí)景對話1
A:What's happening with the shipment of goods from your supplier?How long do you expect to wait before the letter of credit is processed?Has the letter of credit gone out to their bank yet?
B:No, we haven't been able to make it that far yet. We've just barely agreed on the terms, so the next step is getting our letter of credit put together.
A:Did you sign a contract with them yet?
B:We don't need a contract just yet. The letter of credit functions as our contract with these guys.
A:So all the specifics about shipping and the like will be detailed out in the letter, right?Does the letter of credit detail insurance requirements?
B:Yep, we've already hammered out the details with the supplier. Here are the specifics that should be included in our letter of credit. Do you see any mistakes?
A:Let's see……The shipping date is confirmed for June 25th. The goodswill be delivered to the Los Angeles port.They're responsible for insurance……everything looks good.
A:你們供貨商的那批貨發(fā)運(yùn)得怎么樣了?你們還想等多久才開信用證?信用證已經(jīng)發(fā)給他們的銀行了嗎?
B:沒有,我們還沒辦法做到那一步。我們剛剛就交款達(dá)成一致。我們下一步的工作就是準(zhǔn)備信用證。
A:你和他們簽合同了嗎?
B:我們還不需要合同。信用證就相當(dāng)于我們和那些朋友的合同了。
A:所以,貨運(yùn)還有其他的相關(guān)內(nèi)容都已經(jīng)在信用證中詳細(xì)描述了,對嗎?信用證中包含保險(xiǎn)條款嗎?
B:是的。我們已經(jīng)和供應(yīng)商敲定了細(xì)節(jié)。這些都是應(yīng)當(dāng)在信用證中體現(xiàn)的具體條款。你發(fā)現(xiàn)有什么錯誤嗎?
A:讓我看看……貨運(yùn)時(shí)間確認(rèn)為6月25日,貨物將運(yùn)抵洛杉磯港,他們負(fù)責(zé)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)……看上去挺好。
實(shí)景對話2
A:Did your client apply for the letter of credit?
B:Yep. We received word from the bank yesterday.Everything is documented in the letter of credit.
A:What does the bill of landing say?
B:It requires us to deliver the goods to the Seattle port by September 20th.
A:I think we need to make an amendment, because our freight forwarder might not be able to make that deadline. Do you think we can negotiate a later date?
B:Probably.
A:When is the expiration date of the letter of credit?
B:Not until October. I think that will give us plenty of time to take care of everything.
A:Great.
A:你的客戶已經(jīng)申請信用證了嗎?
B:是的,我們昨天從銀行得到消息。所有的內(nèi)容都已經(jīng)記錄在信用證中了。
A:那提單怎么說?
B:我們被要求在9月20號之前把貨運(yùn)送到西雅圖港。
A:我想我們需要做一些修改,因?yàn)槲覀兊呢涍\(yùn)代理沒辦法趕到時(shí)限之前運(yùn)到。
你覺得我們能和他們磋商一下,把時(shí)間延后些嗎?
B:可能吧。
A:信用證的有效期是什么時(shí)候?
B:直到10月份。我想我們有足夠的時(shí)間來應(yīng)付一切。
A:太好了。
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