歷年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解2007年01

[00:00.02]2007年黑暗版閱讀歷年真題解析第一篇 [00:03.02]If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player [00:07.60]in 2006’s World Cup tournament， [00:10.55]you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: [00:13.48]elite soccer players are more likely to have been born [00:17.05]in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. [00:19.34]If you then examined the European national youth teams [00:24.05]that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, [00:27.21]you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced. [00:31.46]What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: [00:37.05]a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; [00:44.06]b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, [00:50.24]which increases soccer stamina; [00:52.89]c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, [01:00.41]at the annual peak of soccer mania; [01:02.99]d) none of the above. [01:06.93]Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor [01:12.81]at Florida State University, [01:15.42]says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” [01:19.07]Ericsson grew up in Sweden, [01:21.53]and studied nuclear engineering until he realized [01:24.97]he would have more opportunity [01:27.02]to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. [01:31.33]His first experiment, [01:33.22]nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: [01:37.02]training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. [01:41.73]“With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, [01:46.31]his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. [01:53.26]“He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training [01:57.98]he had risen to over 80 numbers.” [02:01.12]This success, coupled with later research showing that [02:05.96]memory itself is not genetically determined, [02:10.00]led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing [02:14.14]is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. [02:19.03]In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit [02:23.75]in their abilities to memorize, [02:25.94]those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. [02:32.14]And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, [02:36.13]Ericsson determined,was a process known as deliberate practice. [02:42.12]Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. [02:48.42]Rather, it involves setting specific goals, [02:52.03]obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. [02:58.87]Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers [03:04.79]in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. [03:09.60]They gather all the data they can, [03:12.51]not just performance statistics and biographical details [03:16.70]but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. [03:21.82]Their work makes a rather startling assertion: [03:25.75]the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. [03:31.32]Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, [03:37.77]ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.

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