你的辦公環(huán)境夠健康嗎？

For decades, many developers and architects worked to ensure that their buildings were kind to the planet. Now, their focus is on the effect that buildings have on the people who work in them.

數(shù)十年來(lái)，許多開發(fā)商和建筑師都努力確保他們的建筑是對(duì)這個(gè)星球友好的。如今，他們將重心放在了建筑對(duì)在其中工作的人的影響上。

Studies show that healthy workers tend to be more productive, a concept that is behind a growing trend in real estate to create offices with measurable wellness benefits. One frequently cited Harvard study showed that improving air quality caused mental cognition to soar.

研究顯示，健康的員工工作效率更高，這個(gè)概念支撐著房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)一個(gè)日益增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)，即打造健康福祉可以計(jì)量的辦公室。一項(xiàng)經(jīng)常被引用的哈佛大學(xué)研究表明，空氣質(zhì)量的改善可以帶來(lái)心理認(rèn)知能力的極大提高。

New certification programs have sprung up to guide the way, including the Well Building Standard, introduced by the development company Delos in 2014 and based on medical research that shows how our surroundings affect our health.

新的認(rèn)證項(xiàng)目如雨后春筍般冒了出來(lái)，為這股趨勢(shì)指路，其中包括Well建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Well Building Standard)。它由房地產(chǎn)及科技公司迪洛斯(Delos)于2014年推出。該系統(tǒng)以顯示我們的周遭環(huán)境如何影響人體健康的醫(yī)學(xué)研究為基礎(chǔ)。

Delos’s new headquarters, on the fourth and fifth floors of a 10-story tower in Manhattan, were designed by the architecture firm Gensler. The 19,000-square-foot office space houses 70 employees and serves as a showplace for the Well standard.

迪洛斯的新總部位于曼哈頓一幢十層大樓的四層和五層，由晉思建筑師事務(wù)所(Gensler)設(shè)計(jì)。這個(gè)占地1.9萬(wàn)平方英尺(約合1765平方米)的辦公空間能容納70名員工，是Well建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的樣板間。

In the reception area, where a tour of the office was about to begin on a recent afternoon, the air quality was good. There was proof: A digital display measuring about 6½ feet by 12 feet covering one wall showed the indoor temperature, the humidity level, and other measurements of cleanliness and comfort with data supplied by sensors throughout the office.

近期的一個(gè)下午，對(duì)這個(gè)辦公室的參觀從接待處開始，空氣感覺清新。這是有證據(jù)的：一個(gè)占滿一面墻，約6.5英尺(約合2米)高、12英尺寬(約合3.7米)的電子屏幕顯示著室內(nèi)溫度、濕度及其他潔凈及舒適度的測(cè)定數(shù)值，這些數(shù)據(jù)由辦公室各處放置的感應(yīng)器提供。

“We have 51 sensors, which is extreme overkill,” said Janna Wandzilak, a Delos director, who was leading our tour.

“我們裝了51個(gè)感應(yīng)器，非常多，”帶領(lǐng)我們參觀的迪洛斯主管詹娜·旺茲拉克(Janna Wandzilak)說(shuō)。

Triple-filtered air whooshes in from floor vents, while ceiling ducts suck out carbon dioxide-filled air. Plants cascading from walls and partitions also help clean the air while satisfying our innate need to connect to nature, a concept known as biophilia.

經(jīng)過(guò)三層過(guò)濾的空氣呼呼地從地板上的通風(fēng)口噴出，與此同時(shí)，天花板上的通風(fēng)管道將充滿二氧化碳的空氣吸走。爬滿墻壁和隔墻的植物也有助于清潔空氣，同時(shí)還能滿足我們與生俱來(lái)的與大自然親近的需求，這就是所謂的“熱愛生命的天性”。

Standing desks are everywhere, and a wide oak staircase stretches between the lower and upper floors, encouraging staff to walk up and down rather than take the elevator — all contributing to fitness.

站立式辦公桌隨處可見，一個(gè)寬敞的橡木樓梯連接上下兩層樓，鼓勵(lì)員工上下走動(dòng)，而不是乘坐電梯——這些都有助于健身。

“I definitely find myself sitting less,” Paul Scialla, Delos’s chief executive, said in an interview in his office, which was decorated with framed photos. One showed him with the wellness guru Deepak Chopra, a member of the Delos advisory board.

“我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己確實(shí)坐的時(shí)候變少了，”迪洛斯的首席執(zhí)行官保羅·夏拉(Paul Scialla)在自己的辦公室接受采訪時(shí)說(shuō)，這里到處都是用相框鑲嵌起來(lái)的照片。其中一張是他與健康專家狄巴克·喬布拉(Deepak Chopra)的合影，后者也是迪洛斯咨詢委員會(huì)的成員。

After 18 years trading bonds on Wall Street, Mr. Scialla founded the company in 2014, having identified an untapped market at the intersection of real estate and the booming wellness movement.

在華爾街從事債券交易18年后，夏拉于2014年創(chuàng)辦了這家公司，在房地產(chǎn)和蓬勃發(fā)展的健康運(yùn)動(dòng)交叉地帶，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)尚未開發(fā)的市場(chǎng)。

The Well system has criteria in seven categories that promote the health of a building’s occupants, including nourishment — which explains the almond butter, the whole-grain bread and the organic apples in the Delos cafe. The other categories are air, comfort, fitness, light, mind and water.

Well標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系分為七大類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，它們旨在提升一幢大樓內(nèi)人員的健康，包括營(yíng)養(yǎng)——這解釋了迪洛斯咖啡館中的杏仁醬、全麥面包及有機(jī)蘋果。其他幾大類分別為空氣、舒適度、健身、光、精神和水。

A 282-page manual explains the standard, which is administered by the International Well Building Institute, a public benefit corporation spun off from Delos. The third-party certification is done by Green Business Certification — which also certifies Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, or LEED, projects — and involves in-office auditing and laboratory analysis of water and air samples.

一個(gè)282頁(yè)篇幅的冊(cè)子解釋了這些由國(guó)際WELL建筑研究院(International Well Building Institute)管理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這家研究院是迪洛斯衍生出來(lái)的一家公益企業(yè)。第三方認(rèn)證則由綠色事業(yè)認(rèn)證(Green Business Certification)進(jìn)行——該機(jī)構(gòu)還對(duì)能源與環(huán)境先導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design，簡(jiǎn)稱LEED)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行認(rèn)證——包括對(duì)水和空氣樣本的上門審核及實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析。

According to Delos, 954 projects in 35 countries are registered for Well, certified or precertified; 327 of them are in the United States, including 24 in New York. The vast majority of projects are offices. Not surprisingly, the Delos headquarters achieved the most demanding level of certification, platinum.

根據(jù)迪洛斯的數(shù)據(jù)，35個(gè)國(guó)家的954個(gè)項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)注冊(cè)了WELL，有些經(jīng)過(guò)了認(rèn)證，有些受到了預(yù)先認(rèn)證;其中有327個(gè)項(xiàng)目在美國(guó)，紐約有24個(gè)。這些項(xiàng)目中有一大部分都是辦公室。毫無(wú)意外，迪洛斯的總部達(dá)到了要求最高的認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)——白金級(jí)。

The workplaces are designed to coax people to change their behavior. Stairs are placed front and center, for instance, to encourage their use.

工作場(chǎng)合的設(shè)計(jì)是為了引導(dǎo)人們改變自己的行為。比如，為了鼓勵(lì)人們多加利用，樓梯放在了前方和中間的位置。

But occupants benefit simply from being in an office that has been designed to optimize their health. For instance, the circadian lighting that changes throughout the day, keeping pace with the brightening and dimming of sunlight, has been shown to improve sleeping at night.

但在一個(gè)以促進(jìn)健康為設(shè)計(jì)宗旨的辦公室里，僅僅是身在其中就能獲益了。例如，以24小時(shí)為周期的照明會(huì)在一天內(nèi)不斷變化，與日光的增強(qiáng)和轉(zhuǎn)暗保持同步，這一舉措已經(jīng)被證明能夠改善人們?cè)谕黹g的睡眠質(zhì)量。

“If we can engineer the box we spend 90 percent of our lives in to deliver health care automatically, that’s a very big impact,” Mr. Scialla said.

夏拉說(shuō)：“如果我們能設(shè)計(jì)出一個(gè)盒子，我們90%的生命都在它里面度過(guò)，而它會(huì)自動(dòng)提供醫(yī)療保健，那將會(huì)產(chǎn)生非常大的影響。”

Other standards have been created for health and wellness. Fitwel, for instance, offers a certification program with similar goals but a different origin and methods.

已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了為保健和健康制定的其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。例如，F(xiàn)itwel提供了一個(gè)目標(biāo)相似但來(lái)源和方法不同的認(rèn)證項(xiàng)目。

Developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fitwel is based primarily on public health data and promotes strategies shown to have the greatest effect on health.

由疾病控制和預(yù)防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)開發(fā)的Fitwel主要基于公共衛(wèi)生數(shù)據(jù)，并推廣已經(jīng)對(duì)健康顯示出最大影響的戰(zhàn)略。

After testing the system on workplaces of the General Services Administration, the C.D.C. contracted with the Center for Active Design, a nonprofit organization in New York, to administer the program and apply it more broadly.

在對(duì)總務(wù)管理局(General Services Administration)辦公室的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行測(cè)試后，疾病控制和預(yù)防中心與紐約的一個(gè)非營(yíng)利組織積極設(shè)計(jì)中心(Center for Active Design)簽訂了合同，以管理并更廣泛地應(yīng)用該項(xiàng)目。

Started last year, Fitwel is essentially a do-it-yourself web-based checklist and scoring system. A building owner or manager enters information about a facility and submits photographic evidence.

從去年開始的Fitwel基本上是一個(gè)自己動(dòng)手的在線清單和評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。一棟建筑的所有者或管理者輸入有關(guān)一個(gè)設(shè)施的信息并提交照片證據(jù)。

“It was designed to be so simple that you can walk around a building with a tablet and check on a checklist and take photos with the tablet and upload them,” said Liz York, the C.D.C.’s chief sustainability officer. “At the end, you click a button.”

“它的設(shè)計(jì)非常簡(jiǎn)單，你可以帶著平板電腦在一座建筑里走動(dòng)，查看清單，用平板電腦拍照并上傳，”疾病控制和預(yù)防中心首席可持續(xù)發(fā)展官利茲·約克(Liz York)說(shuō)。“到最后，點(diǎn)擊一個(gè)按鈕。”

Reviewers process the information and give the user a score as well as a to-do list to improve office conditions.

審閱者會(huì)處理這些信息，給用戶一個(gè)評(píng)分和一張待辦事項(xiàng)清單，以改善辦公條件。

Some companies, such as the commercial real estate firm Tishman Speyer, which has a seat on Fitwel’s advisory board, are applying the program across their portfolio of buildings.

包括商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)公司鐵獅門(Tishman Speyer)在內(nèi)的一些公司是Fitwel的顧問(wèn)委員會(huì)成員，這些公司正在它們進(jìn)行的開發(fā)項(xiàng)目中應(yīng)用它。

“You can use Fitwel in an individual building, but we want to support massive users,” said Joanna Frank, president and chief executive of the Center for Active Design. “We’re looking at large-scale market transformation.”

“你可以在一棟單獨(dú)的建筑中使用Fitwel，但是我們希望支持大量用戶，”積極設(shè)計(jì)中心(Center for Active Design)總裁兼首席執(zhí)行官喬安娜·弗蘭克(Joanna Frank)說(shuō)。“我們正在考慮大規(guī)模市場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)型。”

Certification for Fitwel costs far less than that for Well.

Fitwel的認(rèn)證費(fèi)用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于Well。

The Well program costs $1,800 to $4,200 to register, depending on square footage, and $7,500 to $131,250 to certify. This does not account for the financial outlay to apply the health-promoting features required to achieve certification.

Well項(xiàng)目的注冊(cè)費(fèi)用為1800至4200美元，認(rèn)證費(fèi)用為7500至131250美元，具體視面積而定。這不包括為了把促進(jìn)健康功能投入應(yīng)用以獲得認(rèn)證所需的開支。

Furthermore, recertification every three years is recommended, to ensure that offices continue to be healthy places.

此外還建議每三年重新認(rèn)證一次，以確保辦公室繼續(xù)成為能促進(jìn)健康的環(huán)境。

Fitwel charges $500 to register and $6,000 to certify. And the financial outlay required to meet some recommendations can be quite modest. One recommendation might be to put up signs directing employees to the stairs to encourage their use; another might be to set aside a lactation room or a station for nursing mothers.

Fitwel收取500美元注冊(cè)費(fèi)和6000美元認(rèn)證費(fèi)。滿足一些建議所需要的經(jīng)費(fèi)支出可能相當(dāng)有限。一個(gè)建議可能是豎立通向樓梯的標(biāo)志，鼓勵(lì)員工走樓梯;另一種可能是為哺乳的母親留出哺乳室或工位。

Even after attaining Fitwel certification, building managers can work to increase scores — and enhance interiors — by making additional investments as their budgets allow.

即使在獲得Fitwel的認(rèn)證后，建筑管理者也還可以通過(guò)在預(yù)算允許的情況下進(jìn)行額外投資來(lái)提高分?jǐn)?shù)，并改善內(nèi)部裝修。

The expected improvements in employee wellness from either program can result in productivity gains, including lower health care costs, lower rates of absenteeism and increased revenue from better employee performance.

這兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目對(duì)員工健康的預(yù)期改善可以提高生產(chǎn)率，包括降低醫(yī)療保健成本、缺勤率以及提高員工績(jī)效帶來(lái)的收入。

The American Society of Interior Designers said it had achieved a 16 percent productivity gain after moving into its Well-certified headquarters in Washington two years ago. The organization, which spent about $2 million outfitting the space, tracked the impact of the design and found increased engagement and reduced absenteeism, Randy W. Fiser, the chief executive, said.

美國(guó)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)(The American Society of Interior Designers)稱，兩年前搬進(jìn)得到了Well認(rèn)證的華盛頓總部后，該協(xié)會(huì)的生產(chǎn)率提高了16%。首席執(zhí)行官蘭迪·費(fèi)瑟(Randy W. Fiser)說(shuō)，該組織耗資約200萬(wàn)美元為辦公空間配備設(shè)備，跟蹤該設(shè)計(jì)的影響，并發(fā)現(xiàn)員工參與度有所提高，缺勤率有所降低。

Mr. Fiser, who is also a member of the Delos advisory board, said the organization added nearly $700,000 to its bottom line in its first year from the productivity increase as well as savings from energy costs.

費(fèi)瑟也是迪洛斯顧問(wèn)委員會(huì)的成員，他說(shuō)，該組織在第一年因生產(chǎn)力的提高和能源成本的節(jié)約而增加了近70萬(wàn)美元的凈利潤(rùn)。

However, the desire to attract staff seems to be driving many companies to turn to programs that help them develop healthy offices, according to architects and designers who work with clients on such projects.

然而，據(jù)與客戶一起參與這些項(xiàng)目的建筑師和設(shè)計(jì)師所稱，吸引員工的愿望似乎正在促使許多公司轉(zhuǎn)向可以幫它們打造健康辦公環(huán)境的項(xiàng)目。

“In today’s economy, people can change jobs,” said Paula McEvoy, an architect and co-director of sustainable design for Perkins & Will, which last year completed two Well-certified projects and five Fitwel certifications. “They can choose their workplace.”

“在今天的經(jīng)濟(jì)里，人們可以換工作，”珀金斯威爾建筑設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所(Perkins & Will)建筑師兼可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)聯(lián)席總監(jiān)寶拉·麥克沃伊(Paula McEvoy)說(shuō)，該公司去年完成了兩個(gè)Well認(rèn)證的項(xiàng)目和五個(gè)Fitwel認(rèn)證。“他們可以選擇工作的場(chǎng)所。"

With the two certification systems doing essentially the same thing, some designers say there can be confusion over the programs.

由于兩個(gè)認(rèn)證系統(tǒng)做的基本上是相同的事情，一些設(shè)計(jì)師可能會(huì)有些困惑。

But Ms. Frank of the Center for Active Design brushes that off.

但是積極設(shè)計(jì)中心的弗蘭克對(duì)此不以為然。

“We believe there’s room in the marketplace for both certifications,” she said, adding that the existence of two programs might strengthen the healthy-office message.

“我們相信市場(chǎng)上有兩種認(rèn)證系統(tǒng)共存的空間，”她說(shuō)，并補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目的存在可能會(huì)加強(qiáng)健康辦公室存在意義的信息。

“The more people talking about promoting health in the workplace, the better,” she said.

她說(shuō)：“越多人在談?wù)摯龠M(jìn)工作場(chǎng)所的健康越好。”