散文佳作108篇 第40期:內(nèi)畫(huà)壺《百子圖》 Snuff Bottles with Pictures Inside

Snuff Bottles with Pictures Inside

鄢鋼

Yan Gang

內(nèi)畫(huà)壺是鼻煙壺的一種。內(nèi)畫(huà)技藝起源于北京。相傳清朝道光年間(1821-1850年)，北京有一個(gè)破落文人，嗜好鼻煙，無(wú)錢(qián)購(gòu)買(mǎi)時(shí)就用竹簽刮煙壺壁上的煙油代替，久而久之，煙壺壁上一道道紋痕縱橫交錯(cuò)，儼然如畫(huà)，引起了民間藝人的興趣，他們開(kāi)始在煙壺的內(nèi)壁上作畫(huà)。最早的內(nèi)畫(huà)壺，畫(huà)面簡(jiǎn)單粗糙。到了光緒年間( 1875-1908年)，技藝日趨成熟，煙壺的內(nèi)壁先經(jīng)過(guò)磨砂，然后再將竹簽或毛筆伸入壺內(nèi)，采用反畫(huà)技法，把圖案畫(huà)在壺壁上，奇異又雅致。

The art of decorating snuff bottles from the inside originated in Beijing. The story goes that inthe Qing Dynasty during the reign of Dao Guang (1821-1850),an impoverished scholar wasaddicted to snuff. To relieve his cravingfor the powdered tobacco, he scraped his snuff bottlefrom the inside with abamboo slip. Gradually the marks left on the inner wall of the bottle madeapicture, catching the fancy of folk artists. The art of drawing pictures inside snuff bottles wasthus created and popularized. In the beginning the pictures were simple and roughly drawn. Butby the reign of Guang Xu (1875-1908),the art had been perfected: Artists made delicatedrawings with bamboo slips or calligraphy brushes on the bottles' polished inner walls.

我國(guó)的內(nèi)畫(huà)技藝主要分為京派、冀派、魯派三大派。工藝美術(shù)家王習(xí)三是冀派的代表人物。1957年，他向著名內(nèi)畫(huà)藝術(shù)家葉曉峰和葉小三學(xué)藝，在師承的基礎(chǔ)上，兼收各家之長(zhǎng)，將傳統(tǒng)的勾竹、木筆和勾毛筆結(jié)合并用，形成自己的風(fēng)格。他突破內(nèi)畫(huà)壺只表現(xiàn)傳說(shuō)故事中的人物和花草的局限，創(chuàng)作出《貓蝶圖》，描繪一只小貓和落在尾巴上的蝴蝶嬉戲的逗人情景，形象自然，妙趣橫生，他還把繪畫(huà)和書(shū)法融為一體，打破了內(nèi)畫(huà)藝術(shù)的呆板形式。近年來(lái)，他又吸收西洋畫(huà)溪。運(yùn)用油畫(huà)技法在內(nèi)畫(huà)壺上創(chuàng)作人物肖像，達(dá)到相當(dāng)完美的境界。他的作品贏得國(guó)內(nèi)外的贊賞。內(nèi)畫(huà)壺《雙猿圖》曾獲1980年第12屆國(guó)際煙壺協(xié)會(huì)優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng);《溥儀和婉容肖像》被第13屆國(guó)際煙壺協(xié)會(huì)評(píng)為最優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng);《美國(guó)歷屆總統(tǒng)像》榮獲1985年中國(guó)工藝美術(shù)珍品獎(jiǎng)。

Today, snuff-boffle pictures fall into three different categories-the Jing(Beijing), Ji (Hebei) andLu (Shandong). Wang Xisan's art is representative of the Ji school. In 1957 Wang studiedunder the famous artists Ye Xiaofeng and Ye Xiaosan. He further developed the art byabsorbing the good points of different schools and using the traditional tools, bamboo andwood slips,as well as writing brushes. Finally he created a style of his own. Traditionally,snuff-bottle themes were confined to characters from folktales or flowers and grasses. Wang Xisanmade a breakthrough by portraying a kitten playing with a butterfly on its tail, a picture fullof wit and humour. Wang Xisan was also the first to use calligraphy on snuff bottle pictures.In recent years his bottle drawings, using techniques borrowed from Western oil painting,havebeen praised in China and abroad. His picture Two Monkeys was awarded a prize for excellenceby the 12th International Snuff Bottle Artists' Associa-tion in 1980. Pu Yi and Wan Rong wasappraised as the best work by the 13th Intemational Snuff Bottle Artists' Assoaation and in1985 American Presidents won recognition as a unique piece of Chinese art.

內(nèi)畫(huà)壺《百子圖》是王習(xí)三的代表作之一。作品以河北南皮縣出土的清代水晶壺作胎，壺高八厘米，直徑七厘米。他運(yùn)用彩墨畫(huà)和油畫(huà)技法，刻畫(huà)100個(gè)天真活潑的兒童，在天高氣爽的秋日，三五成群地聚集在屋前樹(shù)下，或聚精會(huì)神地研究地震儀，或興致勃勃地下棋，或神采飛揚(yáng)地探討詩(shī)藝畫(huà)法，或攀樹(shù)嬉鬧。作品優(yōu)美生動(dòng)，細(xì)致入微，被國(guó)家列為工藝美術(shù)佳品珍藏。

A Hundred Children, another masterpiece by Wang Xisan was painted on a bottle 8cm highand 7cm in diameter, which was modeled on a crystal bottle from the Qing Dynasty unearthedin Nanpi County, Hebei Province. By using a combination of Chinese ink styles and western oil,Wang vividly portrayed one hundred innocent and lively children, some clustered under a tree,others studying a seismograph or playing chess, and yet others discussing poems and paintingor climbing trees. This snuff bottle has been listed as one of the state's best works of art.