托?？谡Z?？碱}型的分析

　　新托?？谡Z考試的最后一關(guān)task 6中，我們唯一所能依靠的聽力材料是學術(shù)性較強的一篇lecture，少了閱讀材料的輔助，更加深了同學們對講座內(nèi)容以及對講座(monologue)形式的恐懼感，很多剛剛接觸新托福的同學甚至對這一部分多少抱有聽天由命的想法。其實，隨著大家對task 6題目深入的了解，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這一部分所出現(xiàn)的lecture雖然內(nèi)容保羅萬象，但是大部分都是按照一種套路進行的，也就是：提出一種現(xiàn)象+舉例的模式。了解了講座的常見模式，也就意味著我們在考試時短時間內(nèi)組織語言也可以有一套一模一樣的簡潔公式了，也就是topic sentence + example的形式，本文將通過探討一些?？嫉牟煌愋偷膖ask 6真題，使同學們對這一部分的答題模式更加熟悉以助同學們備考。

　　心理學

　　真題回顧：

　　【講課要點】：心理學中的reinforcement，分為positive reinforcement和negative reinforcement兩種，即增加能夠激發(fā)個人興趣的東西和消除自己不喜歡的東西。

　　【舉例說明】：

　　1. positive(add the pleasure)：早起獎勵自己好的food，這樣就可以讓你喜歡早起這種 behavior。

　　2. negative(remove the unpleasant behavior)，不喜歡早上shower，那么可以改在晚上，這樣人也就不會那么討厭早起了。

　　參考范例：

　　The lecture tells about two main methods which can be used to reinforce people. It states that reinforcement of behavior means that people strengthen certain acts on purpose by using the positive or negative stimulus. Then the professor shows some examples. Let’s suppose that you hate to get up early, but sometimes you have to do so. Then you could choose to encourage yourself to get up early by using either a positive or a negative reinforcement. The positive one is to add the pleasure to your daily life to help you make the decision easier. For example, you can reward yourself with a very nice breakfast if you get up early. A negative one is to remove the unpleasant behavior off your daily routine. For example, If you do not enjoy taking a shower early in the morning, you can take it in the evening instead. Therefore, when you have to get up early in the morning, you might feel better because you have cut things you don’t like out of your morning schedule.

　　在這道Task6的講座中，professor通過列舉兩個實現(xiàn)早起上班的例子來說明reinforcement這種現(xiàn)象。心理學方面的問題在Task 6當中出現(xiàn)的比例還是比較高的，接下來我們再來看一個心理學的例子。

　　真題回顧：

　　【講課要點】：心理學中的獎勵機制reward。說獎勵機制有兩種效果。

　　【舉例說明】：

　　1. 正的。第一種讓這種行為更多的發(fā)生。她的女兒Jenny,不愛收拾屋子，他們就給她錢，這本來是她不愿意做的事情，但慢慢地就自覺自愿地多做了。

　　2. 反的。第二種導致行為發(fā)生少了。又是Jenny，喜歡彈鋼琴，他們就獎勵她，但是彈得少了，因為覺得彈鋼琴變成了一種義務(wù)chore,就像收拾屋子。T

　　參考范例：

　　In the lecture the professor tells about the rewarding strategy in Psychology. He states that reward can influence people’s behavior in two ways: positively and negatively. Then the professor goes on to further explain that by taking her daughter — Jenny for an example. Jenny doesn’t like cleaning up the room, so he gives her money to encourage her to do that. And gradually, she likes the work and does it more often，which is the positive effect that rewarding has. But on the other hand, something that a person likes to do may become the daily chores because of the rewarding system. For example, Jenny likes to play the piano，but when her parents give her a reward, she, on the contrary, plays less often ‘cause she thinks playing the piano, just like cleaning the house, is a kind of chore，that is negative effects that rewarding has.

　　生物學

　　真題回顧：

　　【講課要點】：生物學理論: plant invasion. 一種新樹到新的ecosystem中會destroy the ecosystem

　　【舉例說明】：

　　1. 一種樹，本來是來解決問題的，問題是解決了，但是造成了新問題：來了后，長得太高了，導致其他樹曬不到陽光了

　　2. 一種樹，非常attractive，但是use lots of water, other trees can not survive。.

　　參考范例：

　　The lecture tells us that plants can be totally harmless most of the time. But when inappropriately brought into an environment, plants can also cause disasters by breaking ecological balance in local areas, which is biologically identified as plant invasion. Then the professor goes on to explain that by giving two examples. One is that a tree was introduced into South Africa for the purpose of stabilizing the local sand dunes. The tree fulfilled its task very successfully, but the bad news is that the tree grew so tall that they left very little sunlight for their neighboring plants. Threatened by this intruder, many plants started to lose their former territory. Another example is about a tree which was brought into Western United States for its good appearance. It seems not so large, but it has very developed root system, so it absorbed twice the water as other plants of similar size. Also, it reproduced very fast. With its rapid growing, many other local plants gradually died out because of lack of essential water resource.

　　在這場關(guān)于生物學的講座中，professor通過以兩種不同特點的樹為例，解釋了生物學理論: plant invasion。

　　科技類

　　真題回顧：

　　【講課要點】：科技課。講了發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的兩種出現(xiàn)方式：

　　【舉例說明】：

　　1. 有意出現(xiàn)：雙焦眼鏡(bifocal glasses)

　　2. 無意出現(xiàn)：X-rays

　　參考范例：

　　In the lecture, the professor tells about the new technology’s coming up and changing in our daily life. He explains that there are two ways in which those inventions and innovations happen: intentionally and accidentally. Then he takes bifocal glasses for example to illustrate intentional discoveries. Before the bifocal glasses were invented, people had to carry two pairs of glasses wherever they went. One was for seeing things far away, and the other for closer views. Therefore when bifocal glasses were invented, they immediately became popular among many people because of the great convenience provided. He goes on to give another example of accidental innovation. When people first encountered X-ray in the lab, the scientists had no idea of what this finding meant, or where to put this discovery into application.

　　在這道科技類的題目中，professor在講座中，列舉了bifocal glasses和X-rays來詮釋科技發(fā)明的兩種出現(xiàn)形式：intentionally and accidentally。