專八閱讀：IBM奪回最快計(jì)算機(jī)桂冠

ASCI Purple will be used to simulate nuclear explosions in 3-D

"ASCI紫色計(jì)算機(jī)"將被用于三維模擬核爆炸

Scientists will soon be able to observe the first instants after a nuclear warhead detonates. Fortunately, it will be a three-dimensional simulation, made possible by the world's fastest computer. IBM and the U.S. Department of Energy announced Tuesday the sale of a $290 million supercomputer, capable of performing 100 trillion calculations per second. Armed with that much computing firepower, a 3-D simulation of the first one-millionth of a second in a nuclear explosion will take eight weeks to calculate.

科學(xué)家不久將能觀察到核彈頭爆炸的第一瞬間。幸運(yùn)的是，世界上運(yùn)算最快的計(jì)算機(jī)使三維模擬核爆炸成為可能。周二，IBM和美國(guó)能源部宣布，一臺(tái)售價(jià)為2.9億美元的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)每秒鐘可執(zhí)行100兆次運(yùn)算。一個(gè)關(guān)于百萬(wàn)分之一秒核彈爆炸的情況只需8周就可以通過(guò)這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)算并做出它的三維模擬。而這是史無(wú)前例的模擬。

ASCI PURPLE, as the massive computer will be called, has a sobering task. Working at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, the hefty computer will be dedicated to the task of monitoring the nation's nuclear missile stockpile.

被稱作巨大計(jì)算機(jī)的"ASCI紫色計(jì)算機(jī)"承擔(dān)著極其嚴(yán)峻的任務(wù)。這臺(tái)座落(把"座落"改為"安裝")在Lawrence Livermore國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室中的重型計(jì)算機(jī)，將被用于執(zhí)行監(jiān)測(cè)全國(guó)核導(dǎo)彈庫(kù)的重任。

Every year, the Department of Energy has to certify to the U.S. president that the missiles are safe and in working order. Computers are constantly running simulations to predict the likelihood of missile failure in a war, or the consequences of a missile mishap while still in peacetime.

每年，能源部都要向美國(guó)總統(tǒng)證明美國(guó)的導(dǎo)彈是安全的，它們正在正常工作。許多計(jì)算機(jī)持續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，模擬預(yù)測(cè)在戰(zhàn)時(shí)導(dǎo)彈失敗的可能性或在和平時(shí)期導(dǎo)彈惹禍的惡果。

Currently, the former world's No. 1 computer, ASCI White, did the job. But it can only run simulations on simple theoretical models, said lab spokesman David Schwoegler. ASCI Purple will do the first true-to-life, three-dimensional simulation of a detonation.

實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)言人David Schwoegler說(shuō)，當(dāng)前，前世界運(yùn)行最快的計(jì)算機(jī)--"ASCI白計(jì)算機(jī)"曾經(jīng)承擔(dān)這個(gè)重任，但它僅能在簡(jiǎn)單的理論模型中模擬核爆炸的瞬間情況,而"ASCI紫計(jì)算機(jī)"將首次逼真地三維模擬核爆炸。

And testing the nuclear arsenal requires much more than simulating the behavior of the plutonium inside a bomb. In fact, everything inside the bomb must be tested because materials tend to act in unpredictable ways during a detonation. One thing the computer will be able to test, for example, is whether aging materials hold potential hazards.

檢測(cè)核武器庫(kù)比模擬炸彈中的钚huang元素的反應(yīng)要求要高得多。事實(shí)上，因?yàn)樵诤吮〞r(shí)，許多物質(zhì)的反應(yīng)難以預(yù)測(cè)，所以要檢測(cè)核彈中的每一種物質(zhì)。例如，計(jì)算機(jī)要能夠檢測(cè)出久置的核材料是否具有潛在的危險(xiǎn)。

In the process, the computer will also help scientists unmask some of the 20th century's great mysteries. Nuclear weapons, Schwoegler said, were built in the past "pragmatically, not scientifically." In other words - the bombs worked, but the scientists building them were basing their construction on theories, instead of observation.

在這個(gè)過(guò)程,該計(jì)算機(jī)還將有助于科學(xué)家揭開(kāi)上世紀(jì)一些重大的秘密。Schwoegler說(shuō)，以前所造的核武器是"實(shí)用性，而不是科學(xué)性的"。換句話說(shuō)，盡管核彈成功了，但是，建造核彈的科學(xué)家是根據(jù)理論而不是根據(jù)實(shí)際觀察建造它們的。

"I've seen scientists look at materials calculations on ASCI White and say, I knew that happened, but I couldn't prove it," Schwoegler said.

Schwoegler說(shuō)："靠'ASCI白計(jì)算機(jī)'計(jì)算核彈物質(zhì)的科學(xué)家們說(shuō)，我知道發(fā)生了什么，但我不能證明它。"

ASCI Purple is as fast as 50,000 top-of-the-line PCs performing calculations simultaneously. Its operating memory is 400,000 times greater than that of the average PC, and it can store data equivalent to the U.S. Library of Congress - 30 times over. At 100 teraflops - or 100 trillion calculations per second - it will be about eight times faster than its predecessor, ASCI White, and about three times faster than the world's current No. 1 computer, The Earth Simulator in Yokohama, Japan. That NEC-built machine was installed earlier this year, knocking IBM out of the top spot."

"ASCI紫計(jì)算機(jī)"的計(jì)算速度相當(dāng)于5萬(wàn)臺(tái)最好的個(gè)人電腦同步運(yùn)算。與普通的個(gè)人電腦相比，它的應(yīng)用貯存能力比普通個(gè)人電腦要高出40萬(wàn)倍，它貯存的數(shù)據(jù)要比美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)圖書(shū)館高出30倍之多。以100每秒萬(wàn)億次浮點(diǎn)運(yùn)算或每秒100兆計(jì)算的能力，"ASCI紫計(jì)算機(jī)"比它的前任"ASCI白計(jì)算機(jī)"要快8倍，它比目前世界上最快的計(jì)算機(jī)，即位于日本Yokohama的"地球模擬器"要快3倍。本年初，NEC建成這臺(tái)巨無(wú)霸把IBM擠出了世界最快計(jì)算機(jī)的頭把交椅。

THE POWER OF THE HUMAN BRAIN猶如人腦的能力

Hans Moravec, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute, says ASCI Purple represents an important milestone for the computing industry. Twenty years ago, he predicted that computers would require 100 terraflops of calculating power to simulate the activity of the human brain. Right on the schedule he predicted, that milestone has been reached.Carnegie Mellon

大學(xué)機(jī)器人研究所的教授Hans Moravec說(shuō)，"ASCI紫計(jì)算機(jī)的問(wèn)世"代表著計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)的一個(gè)重要里程碑。20年前，他預(yù)測(cè)計(jì)算機(jī)若能達(dá)到每秒100兆的計(jì)算能力，就能模擬人腦活動(dòng)了。正如他的預(yù)測(cè)，這個(gè)里程碑已經(jīng)達(dá)到了。

"It seemed astronomically large back then," Moravec said. In fact, his predictions were first published in a science fiction magazine. "I'm glad somebody remembered." Moravec's approximation is based on some observed facts - namely, the amount of computing power required to simulate the activity of the retina, which is about 1 billion calculations per second. For an approximation, he then calculated that the retina is about 1/100,000th the size of the entire brain. So he simply multiplied 1 billion times 100,000.

Moravec說(shuō)："這個(gè)運(yùn)算能力的數(shù)字在當(dāng)時(shí)像天文數(shù)據(jù)一樣巨大"。事實(shí)上，他的預(yù)測(cè)當(dāng)初是刊登在一本科幻雜志上的。他說(shuō)："我很高興還有人記得此事。"Moravec的近乎準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)是根據(jù)觀察到的一些現(xiàn)象后而做出的"，模擬人眼視網(wǎng)膜活動(dòng)的計(jì)算能力要達(dá)到大約每秒10億次運(yùn)算。為了取得近似數(shù)值，他計(jì)算出視網(wǎng)膜大約只有整個(gè)大腦的10萬(wàn)分之一的大小，所以，他僅僅用10億乘以10萬(wàn)。

The real trick for the industry, however, is to get the cost of ASCI Purple sized-computing power down from $290 million to about $1,000. At that point, he said, there will be robots which can act more or less like people. That kind of cost reduction might again sound like science fiction, but don't be fooled, said Moravec."I expect that in about 2020," he said.

然而，對(duì)于計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，真正的目標(biāo)是將具有"ASCI紫"計(jì)算能力計(jì)算機(jī)的價(jià)格，從2.9億美元降到大約1千美元。他說(shuō)，能達(dá)到這目標(biāo)，就能造出多少有些人樣的機(jī)器人了。這種大幅度的降價(jià)聽(tīng)起來(lái)又像科幻小說(shuō)，但是這次不要被愚弄了。Moravec說(shuō)："我希望大約在2020年就達(dá)到這個(gè)目標(biāo)。"