高考英語語法專項練習之時態(tài)和語態(tài)
[深化認知]
一、一般時
1.一般現在時
(1)表示現在的情況、狀態(tài)及經常性、習慣性或不按照時間的變化而發(fā)生變化的動作。
(2013·湖南高考單選)Around two o'clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat bothers us.
每天晚上兩點左右，蘇就說夢話。這使我們有點煩心。
(2)表示客觀真理或科學事實。
The geography teacher told us the earth travels around the sun.
地理老師告訴我們地球繞著太陽轉。
(3)用在時間、條件或讓步狀語從句中以及談論按計劃或時間表安排的活動時要用一般現在時表示將來。
I will discuss this with you when we meet next time.
下次見面時咱們再討論這個問題。
The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.
航班每個星期三、星期五2：30起飛。
(4)在某些以here, there開頭的句子中，用一般現在時表示正在發(fā)生的動作。
Here come the rest of the guests!
其余的客人來了!
2.一般過去時
(1)表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
At that time, he worked as a teacher to support the family.
那段時間他靠教書養(yǎng)家。
(2)表示過去某一段時間內反復發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
During his middle school years, he played football nearly every day.
他在中學時代幾乎天天踢足球。
(3)在時間、條件、方式、讓步等狀語從句中，表示過去將來的動作。
They said they would inform me if they heard any news about him.
他們說如果聽到任何關于他的消息，就通知我。
3.一般將來時
(1)一般將來時表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，或在現在看來即將發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與時間狀語tomorrow, next week, in a few days等連用。
He will travel around Europe this summer.
今年夏天他將環(huán)游歐洲。
(2)“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”句型中，陳述句常用一般將來時。
Close the door of fear behind you, and you will see the door of faith open before you.
關上你身后的恐懼之門，你將會發(fā)現信心之門在你面前敞開。
(3)非延續(xù)性動詞，如go, come, leave, die等的現在進行時也可表示將要發(fā)生的動作。
“The moment is coming soon，” he thought to himself, waiting nervously.
“這一刻就要來到了，”他自思自忖，緊張地等待著。
(4)表示臨時決定用will。
—Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?
—No, I will go and visit him right now.
——你知道史密斯先生來我們鎮(zhèn)了嗎?
——不知道。我現在就去看他。
(5)be going to+動詞原形
①表示打算、計劃、決定要做的事或肯定要發(fā)生的事。
The two managers are going to meet each other to settle the problems between the two companies.
這兩位經理打算見面來解決這兩家公司的問題。
②表示說話人根據已有的事實或跡象，認為某事即將發(fā)生、肯定會發(fā)生或可能發(fā)生。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
看這些烏云，要下雨了。
[名師指津] be going to表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中，而will能，表意愿。
If it is fine, we'll go fishing. (√)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(×)
(6)be about to+動詞原形
“be about to+動詞原形”表示打算或根據安排即將發(fā)生的動作。它不與表示時間的副詞或其他時間狀語連用。
Don't go out now. The train is about to start.
現在不要出去了，火車就要開了。
(7)be to+動詞原形
“be to+動詞原形”表示約定的、計劃中的或按職責、義務要求要發(fā)生的動作，這種動作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意見。
The Queen is to visit Japan in a week's time.
女王將于一周后訪問日本。
If a man is to succeed, he must work as hard as he can.
一個人要想成功，就必須拼命工作。
二、進行時
1.現在進行時
(1)表示正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，還可表示現階段一直在進行的動作。
(2013·四川高考單選)Hurry up, kids! The school bus is waiting for us!
孩子們，快點!校車在等我們!
People are phoning to ask how I am going to spend the money after I win the big prize.
我獲得大獎后，人們一直打電話問我怎么花這筆錢。
(2)常與always, constantly, continually, forever (for ever) 等副詞連用，表達說話者生氣、贊揚、同情、不滿、驚訝等感情色彩。
Why are you always coming late for work?You are close to being suspended.(不滿、批評)
你怎么上班總是遲到?你快被停職了。
2.過去進行時
(1)表示在過去某一時刻正在進行的動作。
At that moment, we were having dinner together.
那個時候，我們正在一起吃晚飯。
(2)表示在過去某一段時間內一直在進行的動作，但談話時動作未必正在進行。
I was living in the school's dormitory when I was in middle school.
我上高中時一直住在學校的宿舍里。
(3)與always, constantly, continually, forever等副詞連用表示贊美或討厭的感情色彩。
The manager who was always thinking of his employees was respected by the employees.(贊揚)
那位總是為員工考慮的經理受到了員工的尊重。
The little boy was continually asking his brother the same question, which made his brother bored.(厭煩)
這個小男孩總是問他哥哥同一個問題，這讓他哥哥厭煩。
(4)動詞plan, expect, come, go, leave等的過去進行時表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作。
She told me that she was leaving for Italy the next day.
她告訴我她第二天就出發(fā)去意大利。
3.將來進行時
將來進行時強調將來某一時刻或某一段時間內正在進行的動作。
I'll be flying to Beijing at two o'clock this afternoon.
今天下午兩點鐘我將飛往北京。
三、完成時
1.現在完成時
(1)現在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現在，表示動作已經完成。常與以下時間狀語連用：already, yet, just, since, so far, recently, lately, up to now, until/till now, in the last/past few years。
In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.
在過去的幾年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。
(2)在條件、時間或讓步狀語從句中，表示將來某時之前已完成的動作。
He will be back before I have finished my work.
我完成工作之前他會回來的。
(3)下列情況下常用現在完成時：
?、買t is/has been+一段時間+since從句
②This/That/It is the first/second/... time that+現在完成時
?、跧t/This is the best/worst/most interesting等+名詞+從句+現在完成時
It is twenty years since I've seen her.
我已經二十年沒見她了。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema as a family.
這是我們全家第一次到電影院看電影。
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
這是我所讀過的最有趣的一本書。
2.過去完成時
(1)表示在過去某一時刻或動作之前已完成的動作，即“過去的過去”;或延續(xù)至過去某一時間的動作。
The train had left when I got to the station.
我到車站時火車已經離開了。
By then he had learned English for three years.
到那時，他已經學了三年英語了。
(2)表示本打算做但事實上并未做成某事。常見的有此用法的動詞有：hope, want, mean, suppose, intend, plan, think, expect等。
I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.
我本打算幫你的，但當時我太忙了。
(3)在“no sooner ... than ...”或“hardly/scarcely ... when ...”結構中，主句的謂語動詞用過去完成時。
Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.
我剛到家，大雨就傾盆而下。
(4)It/That/This was the first/second ... time+that從句，that從句的謂語動詞要用過去完成時。
That was the first time that I had passed the exam.
那是我第一次考試及格。
(5)It was/had been+一段時間+since從句，since從句的謂語動詞用過去完成時。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我們有10年沒那么高興過了。
3.將來完成時
主要表示某一動作到將來某個時間完成，上下文情景中常含有by短語，如by six o'clock, by the weekend, by the end of next month等。
We shall have finished the project by the end of this year.
我們將在今年年底完成這項工程。
4.現在完成進行時
現在完成進行時強調過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現在或離現在不遠的時間，并且還在進行。
I have been painting the door all the morning.
我一上午都在漆門。
四、動詞的被動語態(tài)
1.被動語態(tài)的構成
被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+過去分詞”構成。助動詞be隨著主語的人稱、數、時態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。被動語態(tài)的各種時態(tài)形式見下表：
時體 現在 過去 將來 過去將來 一般式 is/am/ are done was/were done will/shall be done would/ should be done 進行式 is/am/are being done was/were being done - - 完成式 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done would/ should have been done I was deeply impressed by Jimmy's good behaviors.
吉米的良好舉止給我留下了深刻的印象。
This programme has been broadcast by the local radio station many times.
這個節(jié)目被當地電臺播放了多次。
[名師指津] (1)只有帶有賓語的及物動詞才有被動語態(tài);(2)被動語態(tài)的否定式是在其構成形式中的第一個助動詞后加not。
The window is dirty because it hasn't been cleaned for weeks.
玻璃很臟，因為好幾個星期沒有擦洗了。
2.被動語態(tài)解題五注意
(1)注意不同時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)：被動語態(tài)是由“be+過去分詞”構成的，其中的助動詞 be 根據情況可使用各種不同時態(tài)。
(2)注意動詞短語的被動語態(tài)：動詞短語是不可分割的整體，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時不能省略后面的介詞和副詞。
The old man was often laughed at.
那位老人常被人嘲笑。
(3)注意雙賓語的被動語態(tài)：有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結構時，可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語動詞后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。
The winner was given a gold medal with a picture of football on it.
獲勝者被授予一個帶有足球圖案的金牌。
(4)注意復合賓語的被動語態(tài)：當“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結構變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構中的主語，其余部分不動。使役動詞have, make, get以及感官動詞等后跟省略to的不定式作賓語補足語時，其被動結構要加to。
Peter doesn't have to be made to work hard.
你沒有必要逼迫彼得努力學習。
(5)注意主動形式表示被動意義的情況：
?、俦硎局髡Z的某種屬性特征的詞：clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等，常用其主動形式表示被動意義，且主語通常是物。
His books sell well, so they are sold out soon.
他的書很暢銷，因此很快就賣光了。
②在need (需要), want (需要), require (需要), bear等詞的后面常跟動名詞，以主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。
I had my mobilephone repaired two days ago, but it needs repairing/to be repaired again now.
我兩天前修理了我的手機，但現在還需要再修理。
③某些連系動詞，如smell, taste, feel, sound, prove等，可用主動形式表示被動意義。
This shirt feels much softer than that one.
這件襯衫摸起來比那件襯衫柔軟得多。
The fish tastes delicious.
這魚嘗起來味道好極了。
She proves very patient and warmhearted.
她被證明既很耐心又很熱心。
?、鼙硎鹃_始、結束或運動的動詞，如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。
The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day.
這家商店每天下午6點關門。
The football season finishes in May.
足球賽季在5月份結束。
[典題在線]
?、?單句語法填空
1.(2015·全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)It was raining slightly when I arrived (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.
2.(2015·廣東高考語法填空)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was_left (leave).
3.(2015·北京高考單選)In the last few years, China has_made (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
4.(2015·北京高考單選)—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right. I will_call (call) him later.
5.(2015·天津高考單選)Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement has_been_reached (reach) so far by the two sides.
6.(2015·天津高考單選)Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will_be_teaching (teach) a class at that time.
7.(2015·陜西高考單選)Marty has_been_working (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he'll have finished it by Friday.
8.(2015·湖南高考單選)He must have sensed that I was_looking (look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that?”
9.(2015·四川高考單選)More expressways will_be_built (build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
10.(2014·大綱卷單選)Unless some extra money is_found (find), the theatre will close.
11.(2014·北京高考單選)—Hi, let's go skating.
—Sorry, I'm busy right now. I am_filling (fill) in an application form for a new job.
12.(2014·安徽高考單選)The twins, who had_finished (finish) their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
13.(2014·山東高考單選)They made up their mind that they would_buy (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.
?、?單句改錯
1.(2015·四川高考短文改錯)As I tell you last time, I made three new friends here.tell→told
2.(2014·全國卷Ⅰ短文改錯)Since then — for all these years — we had been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please.had→have
3.(2014·浙江高考短文改錯)Before long, a train inspector comes to check our tickets. comes→came
4.(2014·遼寧高考短文改錯)Besides, Cleo tends to bark an average of six hours a day. This morning she starts barking even before 5 o'clock.starts→started
5.It's reported that many people died of traffic accidents each year.died→die
6.She was so interested in the book that she read it for three hours before she realized it.read前加had
7.When I saw her smiling face, I knew she is writing good news to her daughter.is→was
8.Remember to send me a photo of us next time you will write to me.去掉will
9.I want to buy that kind of cloth because the cloth is washed well.is_washed→washes
10.I need a cell phone to keep in touch with my friends and family, and almost all information can gather on the Internet.gather→be_gathered
對點集訓即時鞏固·提升知能
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1.(2016·河北高三聯考)—Have you moved into your new house?
—Not yet.It is_being_painted (paint) at present.
2.—The constant noise around here is_driving (drive) me crazy!
—Calm down.It's no use complaining.
3.(2016·寧夏質檢)In order to get good marks in the coming exam, my son has_been_studying (study) late every night in the past three weeks.
4.China has_seen (see) a sharp increase in the number of aged people over the past decade.
5.The project will_contribute (contribute) to developing the economy and reducing poverty when it is completed.
6.—That must have been a terrible experience.
—Yeah.I was_stuck (stick) in the damaged car, unable to move.
7.(2016·石家莊高三適應性測試)—I thought you were_leaving (leave) for vacation tomorrow.
—I had planned to, but I have a very important meeting to attend tomorrow.
8.(2016·東北三省聯考)—I'll be down in two minutes!
—OK.I'll wait until you are (be) ready.
9.—Can I come over in an hour?
—Sorry, I will_be_cleaning (clean) the house.
10.It is reported that his new book will_be_published (publish) by that company next year.
?、?單句改錯
1.(2016·貴陽模擬)Today, my foreign teacher Tim and I went to the People's Park together. We take a taxi and it wasn't long before we arrived at the park. take→took
2.Last summer I went to Xi'an with my parents. We had visited many places of interest though the temperature was over 38 ℃. 去掉had
3.When you invited, it is good manners to refuse or accept the invitation, either by writing or by telephoning.invited前加are
4.In the past two and a half years, our school had organized many activities. had→has
5.(2016·銀川適應性考試)One day I saw an advertisement in a local newspaper. I ring up the company, and I was given the job immediately. ring→rang
6.First of all, allow me to introduce myself. I had just graduated from senior high school and taken the College Entrance Examination. had→have
7.We have sometimes accidents on this line, but no accidents have been occurred since last winter.去掉been
8.When it was my turn, I felt so shy that I don't dare to say anything before the class. don't→didn't
9.(2016·哈爾濱模擬)Last summer I went to London for a holiday.I spend just a week there.spend→spent
10.Yesterday I suspected of stealing something, which made me feel extremely terrible.suspected前加was
Ⅲ.語法填空
(2016·河北省七校聯考)What do people do with their old, out of date but still useful computers? Most people don't know 1.what to do with them. Many old computers are put away in homes. Many more 2.are_thrown (throw) away as rubbish.
Finally, some companies are thinking of ways to bring down the number of old computers. Sony 3.has_agreed (agree)to help recycle old Sony products. Dell, Hewlett Packard and other 4.companies (company) now also take back some old computers.
In some countries, laws have been passed, too. Computer companies have to pay for collecting and 5.recycling (recycle) their used products. And 70% of computer waste must be recycled. The idea behind the laws 6.is (be) that computer companies themselves should pay for the cost. That 7.will_encourage (encourage) them to make computers 8.easier (easy) to repair and upgrade (升級).
Yet while many people are throwing away good computers, others cannot afford them at all. Hundreds of organizations are working to solve this problem. They collect and repair old computers. Some also teach others how to repair computers. 9.The/Those computers then go to schools, charities (慈善團體) and people who need them. Giving a used computer to one of these organizations can turn one person's rubbish 10.into someone else's useful things and cut down waste, too.
