高考英語語法專項練習(xí)之情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣
[深化認知]
一、情態(tài)動詞的基本用法
1.表示能力(can/could/be able to)
表現(xiàn)在的或一般的能力，can與be able to的用法一樣，但后者不常用;表將來的能力用will be able to;表示過去一般的能力用could，表示過去有能力并且成功地做了某事用was/were able to，相當(dāng)于managed to do sth./succeeded in doing sth.。
The man can/could speak two foreign languages.
那個人能說兩門外語。
Do you believe that Mozart could play the piano at the age of three?
你相信莫扎特在三歲時就會彈鋼琴嗎?
The fire spread through the building very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
盡管這場大火很快蔓延到整個大樓，但是每個人都逃出去了。
[名師指津] 如何區(qū)分can和be able to
①can在時態(tài)上只有現(xiàn)在時和過去時兩種，而be able to則有更多的時態(tài)。
?、赽e able to強調(diào)“通過努力有能力做到”，如果表示“某事已經(jīng)成功做成”應(yīng)用was/were able to，而不用could。
?、塾迷谄渌麆釉~，如might, may, would, want, hope等之后表示能力只能用be able to。
Tom may be able to pass the exam by studying hard from now on.
從現(xiàn)在開始努力學(xué)習(xí)，湯姆或許能夠通過考試。
2.表示推測
(1)can/could表示可能性主要用于否定句和疑問句。
—Can the news be true?
—It can't be true.
——這個消息可能是真實的嗎?
——它不可能是真實的。
(2)may/might表推測時主要用于肯定句或否定句中，might的可能性比may更小。
Some people who don't like to talk much are not necessarily shy; they may just be quiet people.
言語不多的人未必就是害羞;他們或許就是安靜的人。
He was afraid they might not agree with him.
他擔(dān)心他們可能不同意他的意見。
(3)must表示有把握的推測，意為“想必，準是，一定”等，只用于肯定句中。
He must be ill. He looks so pale.
他準是病了。他的臉色如此蒼白。
(4)should表示有一定根據(jù)的推測、推論或可能性，意為“想必一定，按說應(yīng)該，估計”等(肯定的語氣沒有must表推測時強)。
He should be here on time — he started early enough.
他應(yīng)該按時到這里的——他出發(fā)得夠早的。
[名師指津] 如何判斷must 表推測時后面的反意疑問句
must表推測時其后的反意疑問句形式等同于去掉must之后的句子的反意疑問句。
如：He must be in class now, ________________?
去掉must后該句為He is in class now，其反意疑問部分為isn't he。故題干空白處也應(yīng)用isn't he。
He must have already finished his homework, hasn't he?
他肯定已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了，不是嗎?
They must have stayed up last night, didn't they?
昨晚他們肯定熬夜了，不是嗎?
3.表示請求、建議、命令、允許、允諾、禁止、義務(wù)、責(zé)任
(1)請求對方允許時用“May/Might/Can/Could I/we ...?”，給出許可時用may/can。
—Could I use your bike tomorrow morning?
—Yes, of course you can.
——明天早晨我用一下你的自行車，行嗎?
——當(dāng)然可以。
You can/may go with them if you like.
如果你愿意的話，可以和他們一塊去。
[名師指津] 回答此類句型時，肯定回答常用“Sure./Of course./Certainly.”或“Yes, of course.”;否定回答常用“No, of course not.”或“No, you can't.”;禮貌回答常用“Sorry, I am afraid I can't.”。
(2)shall 用于第一、三人稱疑問句，表示說話人征求對方的意見或向?qū)Ψ秸埵尽?/p>
Shall the man standing outside have a try?
讓站在外邊的那個人試試?
(3)shall用于第二、三人稱的陳述句，表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾、強制或威脅。
You shall have a new bike for your birthday.
你會得到一輛新自行車作為生日禮物。
(4)will表示請求或要求，用于疑問句，常與第二人稱連用。
Will you close the window? It's a bit cold.
請把窗戶關(guān)上好嗎?有點冷。
4.表示必要性(must/need/should/ought to)
(1)must表示必要、命令或強制，意為“必須，應(yīng)該(指說話人的主觀意志)”。在回答must引導(dǎo)的問句時，如果是否定的回答，通常不用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。
The children must be back by 4 o'clock.
孩子們必須在4點鐘以前回來。
[名師指津] 如何區(qū)分must和have to
?、賛ust表示主觀意志，而have to表示由于客觀因素不得不做的事情。
?、趍ust沒有過去式，除在間接引語中可用于表示過去時間，在直接引語中表示過去時間應(yīng)該用had to代替。
?、墼诜穸ńY(jié)構(gòu)中don't have to表示“不必”，mustn't表示“禁止”。
I told her that she must give up smoking.
我告訴她必須戒煙。
We had to get everything ready that night.
我們那晚得把一切準備就緒。
You don't have to tell him about it.
你不必把此事告訴他。
You mustn't leave the gate open.
你不要讓大門敞開著。
(2)need用作情態(tài)動詞時，沒有詞形的變化，后面跟不帶to的不定式(即動詞原形)，通常用于否定句和疑問句中。
You needn't telephone him now.
你現(xiàn)在不必給他打電話。
(3)should/ought to表示義務(wù)、責(zé)任或勸告、建議、命令等，意為“應(yīng)該”，用于各種人稱。
You should/ought to be polite to your teachers.
你應(yīng)該對老師有禮貌。
5.表示意愿、決心
will/would可與各種人稱連用，表示主語的意志或決心。will表示意愿時其否定形式won't通常用于有生命體，但有時也用于無生命體，這時把無生命體擬人化了。
You can stay here as long as you can, if you will.
如果你愿意，你在這里能待多長時間就待多長時間。
—Why didn't you come to Simon's party last night?
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——你昨晚為什么沒有參加西蒙的聚會?
——我想去，但是媽媽不愿意讓我自己在這么晚的時間出去。
二、情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法
1.can的特殊用法
(1)表示可能性(理論上或邏輯判斷上)。
On such a rainy day, accidents can happen.
在這樣的下雨天，有時會發(fā)生事故。
(2)表示驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度，主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中。
How can you be so careless while driving?
你開車時怎么這么粗心呢?
(3)cannot ... too/enough表示“無論……也不過分，越……越好”。
You cannot remember enough English words.
你記的英語單詞越多越好。
2.may的特殊用法
(1)may as well+動詞原形，意為“最好，不妨，干脆”。
You may as well do it at once.
你最好馬上就做這件事。
(2)表示祝愿，常用于“May+主語+動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)。
May you have a good trip.
祝你們旅途愉快。
3.must的特殊用法
must表示“偏要，硬要(做某事)”，指令人不快的事情。
Must you make so much noise?
你非得弄出這么多噪音嗎?
4.shall的特殊用法
shall用于第三人稱的陳述句中，在條約、規(guī)定、法令等文件中表示義務(wù)或規(guī)定。
It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
已宣布，在所有試卷收上來之前，應(yīng)試者必須留在自己的座位上。(規(guī)定)
5.should的特殊用法
(1)should多用于疑問句中，表示驚訝、難以相信或不應(yīng)該的事，常與why或how連用，意為“竟會”。
Why should you be so late today?
今天你怎么會這么晚?
(2)(表示可能)假如，萬一
Should anyone call (=If anyone calls), please tell him I'm busy.
如果有人打電話來，請告訴他我正忙著。
6.will/would的特殊用法
will/would表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動作，意為“經(jīng)常，慣于，總是”。
Every morning, he will have a walk along the river.
每天早晨，他總是沿著小河散步。(習(xí)慣性動作)
三、“情態(tài)動詞+have done”的用法
1.對過去發(fā)生的事情或狀態(tài)進行推測
must have done (過去)一定……;語氣比較肯定;用于肯定句 may (might) have done (過去)可能……;語氣不確定;用于肯定句和否定句 can (could) have done 用于否定句和疑問句，表示懷疑或不確定 —Has Peter started out?He said he would go hiking with us.
—He must have started. He is a man of his word.
——Peter 已經(jīng)出發(fā)了嗎?他說他會與我們一起去遠足。
——他肯定已出發(fā)了。他是一個信守諾言的人。
2.表示“與過去事實相反”的虛擬語氣
could have done 過去本來可以做某事但實際上沒做 needn't have done 過去本不必做某事但實際上做了 ought to/should
have done 過去本應(yīng)該做某事但實際上沒做 oughtn't to/
shouldn't
have done 過去不應(yīng)該做某事但實際上做了 might have done 過去可能發(fā)生但實際上沒發(fā)生 You needn't have taken a taxi here, for it was near my home.
你本來不必打車來這里的，因為這里離我家很近。
[典題在線]
?、?用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞填空
1.(2015·北京高考單選)—Can't you stay a little longer?
—It's getting late. I really must go now. My daughter is home alone.
2.(2015·陜西高考單選)You may/might feel all the training a waste of time, but I'm a hundred percent sure later you'll be grateful you did it.
3.(2015·重慶高考單選)You must be Carol. You haven't changed a bit after all these years.
4.(2015·四川高考單選)You must be careful with the camera. It costs!
5.(2015·福建高考單選)—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it's too bad. You should_have_made (make) full preparations.
6.(2014·全國樣卷語法填空)Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I must have put them there when the phone rang.
7.(2014·大綱卷單選)Although you can find bargains in London, it's not generally a cheap place to shop.
8.(2014·江蘇高考單選)It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, should bring me food.
9.(2014·北京高考單選)Can/May I have a word with you? It won't take long.
10.(2013·遼寧高考單選)Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He must_have_drunk (drink) too much at the party last night.
11.(2012·重慶高考單選)—Must you interrupt now? Can't you see I'm on the phone?
—Sorry Sir, but it's urgent.
Ⅱ.單句改錯
1.(2015·全國卷Ⅰ短文改錯)We must found ways to protect the environment. If we fail to do so, we'll live to regret it.found→find
2.(2014·全國卷Ⅱ短文改錯)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening to music. sat→sit
虛擬語氣
[深化認知]
一、if條件句中的虛擬語氣
if條件
從句 從句的謂語形式 主句的謂語形式 表示與
現(xiàn)在事
實相反 動詞過去式(be的過去式用were) should/would/could/might+動詞原形 表示與
過去事
實相反 had+過去分詞 should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞 表示與
將來事
實相反 should+動詞原形 should/would/could/
might+動詞原形 動詞過去式
(be的過去式用were) were to+動詞原形 If you didn't smoke so much, you might get rid of cough sooner.
如果你不抽那么多煙，你可能很快就不咳嗽了。
We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold hadn't offered us a ride home.
如果昨天哈羅德沒送我們回家，我們會打出租車回家的。
Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often.
格雷絲不想搬到紐約，因為她認為，如果她住到那里去，她就不能經(jīng)?？吹礁改噶?。
二、錯綜時間條件句的虛擬語氣
當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，被稱為“錯綜時間條件句”，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
If we had booked a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.
如果我們早一點訂一張桌子，現(xiàn)在就不會站在這里排隊了。
If you hadn't left home without a word, your parents wouldn't be so worried now.
要是你說句話再離開家，你父母現(xiàn)在就不會那么擔(dān)心了。
三、省略if的倒裝句
在虛擬條件狀語從句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，變?yōu)榈寡b句式。
Were she to live abroad, she wouldn't be able to see her best friends very often.
如果她住到國外，她就不能經(jīng)?？吹剿詈玫呐笥蚜?。
Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.
如果他趕上了早班火車，他就不會開會遲到了。
四、含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣
有時假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示，而是由otherwise, but, or, without, but for等來引導(dǎo)或者通過上下文引出。
We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we would have visited more places of interest yesterday.
我們在那個小村莊迷路了，否則的話，我們昨天能參觀更多的名勝。
—Did you make it at last?
—Yes.But for your help, it would have caused a serious loss.
——你最終成功了嗎?
——是的，要不是你的幫助，可能會導(dǎo)致嚴重的損失。
五、(should+) do ...結(jié)構(gòu)的虛擬語氣
1.用于表示建議、愿望、命令等動詞后的賓語從句中
常見的動詞有：demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise, request, urge, command, prefer, desire, recommend等。賓語從句中的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為“should+動詞原形”，should可以省略。
They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.
他們堅決要求那個小男孩跟他們一起去。
2.用于主語從句中
在“It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential+that從句”中，從句的謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”，should可以省略。
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.
人們建議會議推遲到下周。
3.用于表語從句和同位語從句中
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，其構(gòu)成是“should+動詞原形”，should可以省略。
My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.
我的意見是在接受之前我們要反復(fù)考慮。
Your suggestion that the door (should) be shut when we leave is reasonable.
你的那個當(dāng)我們離開的時候應(yīng)該關(guān)上門的建議是合理的。
六、wish 賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
1.對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：wish+主語+動詞過去式(be用were)
I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是一只小鳥，能在天空自由飛翔。
2.對過去情況的虛擬：wish+主語+had+過去分詞
I wish that I hadn't agreed to go to Jim's party, for I have to do some extra work tonight.
我要是當(dāng)時沒有答應(yīng)參加吉姆的聚會就好了，因為今晚我必須做一些額外的工作。
3.對將來情況的虛擬：wish+主語+would/could+動詞原形
We wish we would live on the moon one day.
但愿我們有一天能住在月球上。
七、其他句型中的虛擬語氣
1.would rather后的賓語從句中，表示愿望，意為“寧愿;但愿”。用一般過去時表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵪喾?用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反。
When my father is upset, he would rather we left him alone.
當(dāng)我的父親煩惱的時候， 他更喜歡我們不打擾他。
2.在“It is (about/high) time+that從句”中，謂語動詞常用過去式或“should+動詞原形”表示虛擬語氣。
It's high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection and ecological improvement.
是我們致力于環(huán)境保護和生態(tài)改善的時候了。
3.as if, as though引導(dǎo)的表語從句和方式狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣，與現(xiàn)在事實相反用一般過去時;與過去事實相反用過去完成時。
She speaks English as if/though she were a native of New York.
她講英語好像她是一位地道的紐約人。
4.if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，用虛擬語氣表示愿望。
If only I had seen the film!
我要是看了那部電影該多好啊!
[典題在線]
單句語法填空
1.(2015·北京高考單選)If I hadn't_seen (not see) it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it.
2.(2015·陜西高考單選)Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I danced (dance) as well as her.
3.(2015·江蘇高考單選)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison.
4.(2015·安徽高考單選)It is lucky we booked a room, or we would_have (have) nowhere to stay now.
5.(2015·重慶高考單選)Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway wouldn't_have_written (write) his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
6.(2014·浙江高考單選)They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they would_have_come (come) to our help.
7.(2014·福建高考單選)If there were (be) no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
8.(2014·重慶高考單選)It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I had_done (do) it?
9.(2014·陜西高考單選)We would rather our daughter stayed (stay) at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
10.(2013·浙江高考單選)Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam (should)_be (be) at the age of six months old.
對點集訓(xùn)即時鞏固·提升知能
?、?用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞填空
1.(2016·北京四中?？?—Can I pay the bill by check?
—Sorry, sir.But it is the management rules of our hotel that payment shall be made in cash.
2.(2016·石家莊模擬)The giant panda looks very mild.But it can be very fierce when you annoy it.
3.—Mike failed the English exam again.
—What else did you expect?Don't you think he should have spent more time in studying English?
4.(2016·蘭州模擬)The players from Guangzhou Evergrande Football Club have been doing very well recently, so they should win the final match.
5.(2016·東北四市聯(lián)考)The fire was so big that it was several hours before firefighters could get it under control.
6.—You talk so much about London.You must have been there.
—Yeah, I went sightseeing on a tour last summer.
7.(2016·甘肅高三聯(lián)考)It was a fine day yesterday.I needn't have taken my raincoat with me.
8.—Kate, where is Jim these days?
—He asked for a sick leave the other day.He might stay in hospital.
9.—Can I have something to eat, Mum?I feel hungry.
—You can't be hungry.You've just had some bread and ham.
10.There is no need for you to worry about your salary, boy.You shall get it very soon.
?、?單句語法填空
1.—Why do we get up so early?
—If we missed (miss) the flight we would have to stay here for another day.
2.(2016·云南高三聯(lián)考)—Helen, are you going to the airport to see Jack off the day after tomorrow?
—If he were_to_leave/should_leave (leave) tomorrow, I would go.
3.But for the encouraging cheers from the audience, our team couldn't_have_won (not win) such an important match.
4.(2016·吉林一中模擬)I was busy the other day, otherwise I would_have_come (come) to help you.
5.Who does that shop assistant think he is?He behaves as if he owned (own) the grocery.
6.Look at the trouble we're in. If only we had_taken (take) our teacher's advice!
7.(2016·河北高三聯(lián)考)—Why are you so depressed, Shelly?
—I lost the contest narrowly, or I would_have_gained (gain) the award of 10，000 dollars.
8.I wished the children had_been_sleeping (sleep) when we returned home, but in fact they were still awake.
9.(2016·寧夏質(zhì)檢)—Shall we go to the movie tonight?
—No, I'd rather youstayed (stay) at home with our baby.You'd better not leave it to the babysitter at night.
?、?語法填空(用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞填空)
(2016·山西省高考考前質(zhì)量監(jiān)測)Miss Fang 1.couldn't (not) read for very long without getting a headache.Her mother told her that she 2.should go to
the Health Service and see a doctor.“You should see a doctor as soon as possible，” she said.“You 3.might/may need glasses.”
When Miss Fang had free time, she went to the Health Service.The appointment clerk said that the doctor 4.could see her at 3：30.
Miss Fang replied that she 5.would not be able to be there at 3：30 because she had a class then.“The doctor might take you at about 3：50，” the appointment clerk suggested.
“6.Shall I put you down for 3：50, or 7.would you rather come tomorrow?”
Miss Fang replied, “I think I 8.can make it at 3：50.”
Miss Fang went to the class.She asked her teacher，“9.May/Can I leave at 3：45 today?I must have an eye examination.” As expected, the teacher said, “Yes, of course you 10.can.”
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