一年有365天？對(duì)嗎？

At some point in elementary school, your science teacher probably explained to you that there are 365 days in a year because that’s how long it takes for Earth to complete one full rotation around the sun. What they might not have specified, however, is that it’s not exactly 365 days—it’s actually closer to 365.2421 days.

上小學(xué)時(shí)，你們的科學(xué)老師很可能會(huì)向你們解釋一年有365天，因?yàn)檫@是地球繞太陽(yáng)公轉(zhuǎn)一圈的時(shí)間。不過(guò)，他們可能沒(méi)有詳細(xì)說(shuō)明，地球公轉(zhuǎn)一圈并不是精確的365天，實(shí)際上說(shuō)是365.2421天更準(zhǔn)確一些。

So, if we want our calendar year to begin right when Earth begins a new rotation around the sun, we have to account for (roughly) an extra quarter of a day each year, or one day every four years. History.com reports that the Egyptians had already been doing this for a while before Europe finally caught on in 46 BC, when Roman dictator Julius Caesar and astronomer Sosigenes put their heads together to come up with what we now call the Julian calendar, which includes 12 months, 365 days, and an additional “leap day” every four years on February 29.

因此，如果我們希望年歷的開(kāi)端正好是地球開(kāi)始新一輪公轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)候，我們就必須每年多算(大約)四分之一天，或每四年多算一天。歷史網(wǎng)報(bào)道稱，埃及人先采用了這種算法，后來(lái)到了公元前46年歐洲人才開(kāi)始這么算。當(dāng)時(shí)羅馬獨(dú)裁者尤利烏斯·愷撒(愷撒大帝)和天文學(xué)家索西琴尼商討后制定了我們今天所謂的儒略歷，儒略歷共有12個(gè)月、365天，每四年加上一個(gè)閏日(2月29日)。

But rounding 0.2421 up to 0.25 each year created an issue, because it didn’t quite add up to a full day every four years—and that tiny discrepancy meant that after 128 years, the calendar year ended up starting a day before Earth had completed its rotation around the sun. By the 14th century, the calendar year was starting a whopping 10 days before Earth finished its orbit.

但是把每年的0.2421天約等于0.25天也產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)榘凑?.2421算的話，每四年要增加的并不是一整天。這個(gè)微小的差額意味著128年后，年歷就會(huì)在地球完成公轉(zhuǎn)前一天開(kāi)始。到了14世紀(jì)，年歷開(kāi)始的時(shí)間比地球完成公轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)間早了10天之多。

In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII sought to correct the error by suggesting that we simply skip a leap day every so often. His Gregorian calendar, which we still use today, mandates that we omit the leap day during years evenly divisible by 100 but not by 400. For instance, the year 2000 included a leap day because it’s divisible by 100 and 400; the year 2100, on the other hand, will not include a leap day, since it’s evenly divisible by 100, but not by 400.

1582年，教皇格列高利十三世想要改正這一錯(cuò)誤，于是建議我們時(shí)不時(shí)跳過(guò)一個(gè)閏日。他的格里歷(我們今天仍在使用的公歷)規(guī)定，在能夠被100整除但不能被400整除的年份跳過(guò)閏日。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，2000年有一個(gè)閏日，因?yàn)?000能被100和400整除;而2100年沒(méi)有閏日，因?yàn)樗鼙?00整除，但不能被400整除。

Gregory XIII’s correction to Caesar’s overcorrection is itself a bit of an under-correction, so we’ll probably need to reevaluate our leap day protocol again in about 10,000 years.

教皇格列高利十三世對(duì)愷撒大帝過(guò)度校正的更正本身是一種校正不足，所以大約1萬(wàn)年后，我們將很可能需要對(duì)我們的閏日規(guī)則進(jìn)行重新評(píng)估。