Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated this revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears. By the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line." And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it."
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the"emotional brain") is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events — until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep— or rather dream — on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
1.Researchers have come to believe that dreams_______.
A.can be modified in their courses B.are susceptible to emotional changes
C.reflect our innermost desires and fears D.are a random outcome of neural repairs
2.By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show_______.
A.its function in our dreams B.the mechanism of REM sleep
C.the relation of dreams to emotions D.its difference from the prefrontal cortex
3.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to_______.
A.aggravate in our unconscious mind B.develop into happy dreams
C.persist till the time we fall asleep D.show up in dreams early at night
4.Cartwright seems to suggest that_______.
A.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
C.dreams should be left to their natural progression
D.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
5.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
A.Lead your life as usual. B.Seek professional help.
C.Exercise conscious control. D.Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
長難例句分析
[長難例句]Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
[結構分析]本句的主干是Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,而progressing toward happier ones before awakening作狀語,表示夢發(fā)展的過程。現(xiàn)在分詞suggesting引導的短語是對主句內容作出的概括性說明。
[參考譯文]在夜里早些時候,大多數(shù)人似乎會做更多噩夢,在睡醒前逐漸轉為較愉快的夢,這表示他們正在化解在白天產生的消極情感。
全文參考譯文
一夜好覺的所有因素中,夢似乎是最不好控制的因素。在夢境中,一扇窗戶開啟,將我們帶入了這樣一個世界:在那里,邏輯被置之不理,死者開口說話。一個世紀前,弗洛伊德闡述了這樣的革命性理論:夢是我們潛意識愿望和恐懼的偽裝的影子;到20世紀70年代末期,神經病理學家改變了想法,開始認為夢不過是“精神噪音”——睡眠期間進行的神經修復過程中產生的隨機副產品?,F(xiàn)在,研究人員懷疑,夢是大腦情感調節(jié)裝置的一部分,在大腦處于“脫機”時調節(jié)情緒。一位主要的權威人士說,這些強有力的心理事件不僅可以得到利用,而且還能幫助我們獲得更好的睡眠和感覺。芝加哥醫(yī)療中心的心理學主任Rosalind說:“夢是你自己的。如果你不喜歡,你就換一個?!?/p>
大腦影像的證據支持了這種觀點。匹茲堡大學的Eric Nofzinger博士說,在REM(快速眼動)睡眠期間——這時會做大多數(shù)栩栩如生的夢,大腦十分活躍,正如在完全清醒時一樣。但是,并非大腦的所有部分都是這樣;大腦邊緣系統(tǒng)(“情感大腦”)尤其活躍,而前額葉皮質(理智的中心)則相對平靜。“無論我們從夢中醒來時是高興還是沮喪,那些情感都可能整天伴隨我們?!彼固垢4髮W睡眠研究員William Dement博士說。
夢與情感之間的聯(lián)系在Cartwright門診部的患者中得到體現(xiàn)。在夜里早些時候,大多數(shù)人似乎會做更多噩夢,在睡醒前逐漸轉為較愉快的夢,這表示他們正在化解在白天產生的消極情感。因為我們的意識被日?,嵤抡紦?,所以我們并不總是考慮白天所發(fā)生事件的情感意義——似乎直到我們開始做夢。
我們不應該把這個過程看成是潛意識的。Cartwright認為,一個人可以經過練習,有意識地控制反復出現(xiàn)的噩夢。你一醒來就應該確定夢中有什么在困擾你。想象一下你想要如何終止這個夢;當它出現(xiàn)的時候,你應該盡力醒來,以便控制它的進程。實際上,經過大量的練習后,人們可以學會在夢中這樣做。
晚上,可能很少有什么理由使我們關注自己的夢,除非那些夢使我們無法睡眠,或者,“我們在恐慌中驚醒”,Cartwright說??植乐髁x、經濟上的不穩(wěn)定以及通常的不安全感加重了人們的焦慮。那些持續(xù)遭受噩夢折磨的人應當尋求治療專家的幫助。對其余的人來說,大腦有它自己化解惡劣情緒的辦法。放心地睡覺——或者盡管去做夢,早上醒來時你會感覺好一些。
題目答案與解析
1.研究人員開始認為夢________。
A.在其進程中可以改變 B.容易受到情感變化的影響
C.反映了我們內心深處的愿望和恐懼 D.是神經修復過程中的一個隨機產物
【答案】A
【解析】本題可參照文章的第一段。從中可知,一個世紀前,弗洛伊德闡述了這樣的革命性理論——夢是我們潛意識欲望和恐懼的偽裝陰影;到20世紀70年代末期,神經病理學家改變了想法,開始認為夢不過是睡眠期間進行的神經修復過程中產生的隨機副產品;現(xiàn)在;研究人員懷疑,夢是大腦情感調節(jié)裝置的一部分,在大腦處于“脫機”時調控情緒;一位主要的權威人士說,這些心理事件不僅可以得到利用,而且還能幫助我們獲得更好的睡眠和感覺;Rosalind Cartwright說,“夢是你自己的。如果你不喜歡,你就換一個?!睋丝芍?,研究人員認為夢可以改變。A項與文章的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
2.作者通過談論大腦邊緣系統(tǒng)是想揭示________。
A.其在我們夢境中的作用 B.REM睡眠的機制
C.夢與情感的關系 D.它與前額皮層的區(qū)別
【答案】C
【解析】本題可參照文章的第二段。從中可知,Eric Nofzinger博士說在REM(眼睛快速運動)睡眠期間,大腦十分活躍,正如在完全清醒時一樣;但是,并非大腦的所有部分都是這樣;大腦邊緣系統(tǒng)(“情感大腦”)尤其活躍,而前額葉皮質(理智的中心)則相對平靜;無論我們從夢中醒來時是高興還是沮喪,那些情感都可能整日伴隨我們,William Dement博士說。據此可知,作者提到大腦邊緣系統(tǒng)是想說明做夢與情感之間的聯(lián)系。C項與作者的意圖相符,因此C項為正確答案。
3.白天產生的消極情緒會趨向于________。
A.加劇我們的無意識情緒 B.演變成愉快的夢
C.一直延續(xù),直到我們入睡時為止 D.在夜里早些時候的夢境中出現(xiàn)
【答案】D
【解析】本題可參照文章的第三段。從中可知,夢與情感之間的聯(lián)系在Cartwright門診部的患者中得到體現(xiàn);在夜里早些時候,大多數(shù)人似乎會做更多噩夢,在睡醒前逐漸轉為較愉快的夢,這表示他們正在化解在白天產生的消極情感;因為我們的意識被日常瑣事占據,所以我們并不總是考慮白天所發(fā)生事件的情感意義。據此可知,白天產生的消極情緒往往會在夜里早些時候的夢境中出現(xiàn)。D項與文章的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
4.Cartwright像是在暗示________。
A.及時醒來對于擺脫噩夢至關重要 B.使噩夢形象化有助于控制噩夢
C.夢應該被看成是自然進程 D.做夢可能不完全屬于無意識行為
【答案】D
【解析】本題可參照文章的最后兩段。從中可知,這個過程不應該被看成是潛意識的;Cartwright認為,一個人可以經過練習,有意識地控制反復出現(xiàn)的噩夢;你一醒來就應該確定夢中有什么在困擾你;想象一下你想要如何終止這個夢;當它出現(xiàn)的時候,你應該盡力醒來,以便控制它的進程;可能很少有什么理由使我們關注自己的夢,除非那些夢使我們無法睡眠,或者,“我們在恐慌中驚醒”,Cartwright說;恐怖主義、經濟的不確定性以及通常的不安全感加重了人們的焦慮。據此可知,Cartwright認為人們做夢可能不完全是無意識的行為。D項與文章的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
5.Cartwright對那些有時做噩夢的人可能會提什么建議?
A.像平常一樣生活?! .尋求專業(yè)人員的援助。
C.練習控制意識?! .避免在白天焦慮。
【答案】A
【解析】本題可參照文章的最后一段。從中可知,可能很少有什么理由使我們關注自己的夢,除非那些夢使我們無法睡眠,或者,“我們在恐慌中驚醒”,Cartwright說;恐怖主義、經濟的不確定性以及通常的不安全感加重了人們的焦慮;那些持續(xù)遭受噩夢折磨的人應當尋求治療專家的幫助;對我們其余的人來說,大腦有它自己化解糟糕情緒的辦法;放心地睡覺——或者盡管去做夢,早上醒來時你會感覺好一些。據此可知,Cartwright可能認為不經常做噩夢的人沒有必要擔心。A項與Cartwright的觀點相符。因此A項為正確答案。