托福獨(dú)立寫作如何進(jìn)行引證

　　托福寫作總共50分鐘時(shí)間，要求學(xué)生完成兩篇文章，一篇綜合寫作，另外一篇獨(dú)立寫作，綜合寫作是20分鐘的時(shí)間，而獨(dú)立寫作是30分鐘的時(shí)間，這個(gè)時(shí)間是一定需要遵守的。而且托?？荚囀请娔X作答，第一篇作文綜合寫作考察大家的綜合能力。先要求大家閱讀一段文字，然后再聽一段聽力，最后根據(jù)你所閱讀的材料和聽到的聽力進(jìn)行寫作。而獨(dú)立寫作在形式上和雅思大作文基本上是一致的，即議論文一篇。

　　而托福獨(dú)立寫作往往還要求學(xué)生使用實(shí)例名人名言等“引證”，這更是增加了大家的難度。所以我們會(huì)覺得在初中、高中甚至是四、六級(jí)的考試當(dāng)中，寫作也還是可以的，但是一到托福的考試過程當(dāng)中，往往很難拿捏到底什么樣的寫作是好的寫作，什么樣的文章是好的文章。

　　希望今天大家讀完文章后可以對(duì)于托福獨(dú)立寫作中“引證”這個(gè)獨(dú)特的拿分點(diǎn)有所領(lǐng)悟。

　　托福獨(dú)立寫作字?jǐn)?shù)一般情況下350到450字之間，太長或者過短都不太好。這些字?jǐn)?shù)中包括了學(xué)生“引證”時(shí)使用的事例或者諺語等。托福寫作鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生多使用事例，包括名人名言，個(gè)人經(jīng)歷，新聞報(bào)道，諺語，成語，這些都是可以用在托福獨(dú)立寫作中的“引證”，接下來我們將用一個(gè)具體的作文題目及范文幫助大家更好的理解“引證”。

　　這里有一個(gè)托福獨(dú)立寫作題目：

　　Which one do you prefer, to solve problems on your own experience and knowledge, or to ask others for advice?

　　范文：

　　As knowledge and experience serve as twin towers in problem-solving, one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, either to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Newton, siting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out one of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe, or to seek for others’ wisdom through their advice, just as in the case of Benjamin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown library. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjamin Franklin may best be regarded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative.

　　Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others’ advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and efficiency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone’s mind is, more often than not, far less shining compared with group’s wisdom. That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants; that explains why a great leader is always with greater minds; that also explains why teamwork in corporation is highly emphasized in the 21st century. Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individual involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village.

　　Asking others’advice instead of getting everything done on one’s own promotes democracy and communication too. In terms of democracy, it is necessary to give others rights and chances to speak since the problem may concern them in different ways, and their saying in turn reflects our respect toward freedom of speech as well as their wisdom. In terms of communication, idea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions, and hereby better mutual understanding about perspectives, principles, practicalities and personalities of each other.

　　Admittedly turning to others for help and suggestion by no means refers to absolute and irresponsible dependence. Consideration upon different thoughts and ideas broadens our mind, enlarges our vision, furthers understanding, enhances more effective and efficient brainstorm, and stresses mutual respect in groups and communities, which undoubtedly gives rise to better, if not the best solutions. As is paraphrased from John F Kennedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do.

　　那么在以上內(nèi)容中，“引證”有哪些呢?

　　開頭段中：

　　“…….one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, either to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Newton, siting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out one of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe……”

　　“…… just as in the case of Benjamin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and the establishing a most world-renown library.”

　　以上兩個(gè)點(diǎn)分別使用了牛頓和富蘭克林兩位偉人的故事來印證作者的觀點(diǎn)。作者想要表示兩種途徑均可以達(dá)到解決問題的作用，而這兩個(gè)案例似的作者的觀點(diǎn)不那么的空洞和單薄，這是外國人喜歡的論證方式：以事實(shí)說話。在開頭段結(jié)尾處，作者最后還是選擇了富蘭克林代表的去找別人詢問意見。

　　中間的段落中：

　　“That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants;”

　　“Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individual involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village.

　　以上兩個(gè)點(diǎn)也是“引證”。這次不是名人案例，作者在這里選擇使用諺語及實(shí)例來進(jìn)行“引證”。第一句諺語實(shí)際上就是大家所熟悉的“站在巨人的肩膀上，所以看得遠(yuǎn)”，也我們的一句老話“站得高看得遠(yuǎn)”頗有異曲同工之妙。

　　第二個(gè)“引證”則是用“頭腦風(fēng)暴”這個(gè)實(shí)例來進(jìn)一步論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。這樣的形式變化不僅可以讓考生的選擇更加多樣，更讓考官不會(huì)覺得“引證”選擇過于單一而對(duì)學(xué)生的寫作素材量產(chǎn)生懷疑。

　　結(jié)尾段中：

　　“As is paraphrased from John F Kennedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do.”

　　作者再次引用肯尼迪總統(tǒng)的言論作為結(jié)尾進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)“引證”。為自己的獨(dú)立寫作劃上了一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的結(jié)尾。

　　通過對(duì)這篇文章的分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)。引證可以有很多形式，偉人故事、名人名言、諺語習(xí)語、甚至是新聞故事。只要能夠與大家的論點(diǎn)相切合，我們都可以“引證”到獨(dú)立寫作當(dāng)中。

　　要想做好這一點(diǎn)。大家必須要更多的在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中積攢相應(yīng)的素材，做到考前心中有數(shù)，這樣我們才能更好的完成托福寫作對(duì)我們的要求。另外，“引證”不可以過多，但是也不能太少，它的比例很重要，另外引證的位置是很重要的，不能濫竽充數(shù)一般的隨便搬一段“引證”放在錯(cuò)誤的位置或者段落都會(huì)造成適得其反的不良效果，只要能做到以上這些，大家的托福獨(dú)立寫作“引證”之路肯定會(huì)越走越順暢的。