托福獨立寫作中的名詞用法解析

　　我們來看看下面兩個句子：

　?、貳ven expert or scholar specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.

　　句子中的expert和scholar都是可數(shù)名詞，因此需要在這些詞之前加上冠詞(定冠詞或不定冠詞)或物主代詞，或變?yōu)槊~的復數(shù)形式。

　　Even experts or scholars specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.

　?、贒uring high school, a very important time in a person’s education career, student will learn skill necessary to be successful in university and the work world.

　　句子中的student和skill也都是可數(shù)名詞，全句應該改為：During high school, a very important time in a person's education career, students will learn most of the skills necessary to be successful in university and the work world.

　　2. 集合名詞的單復數(shù)要注意

　　我們來看下面的例句：

　　Technology is developing at a remarkable speed that our ancestors might never have foreseen.

　　在此句句子中，technology 是不可數(shù)名詞。考生是否可以將這句句子改成Various modern technologies are developing at a remarkable speed that our ancestors might never have foreseen呢?

　　technology到底是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞?

　　當technology理解為抽象的“科學技術”，即強調(diào)總稱時，是不可數(shù)名詞，如例句中的Technology is developing at a remarkable speed中的technology正是對“科學技術總稱”的指代。當強調(diào)“各種各樣”科技產(chǎn)品的時候，此時的technology則是可數(shù)名詞，如例句

　　Various modern technologies are developing at a remarkable speed.

　　這類名詞稱之為“集合名詞”，在托福獨立寫作中，經(jīng)常使用的“集合名詞”還有government，如：

　　The central government is so concerned about keeping pandas in existence that it is spending millions of dollars trying to determine how to artificially inseminate the giant panda. (中央政府是一級具體的“政府機關”，因此使用可數(shù)名詞形式)

　　It is crucial for government to setup more funds by attracting larger investments to solve financial problems encountered during the course of environment-related projects. (這里的政府是“行政機關的總稱”，因此使用不可數(shù)名詞形式)

　　3. 名詞的首字母大寫要求介紹

　　在哪些情況下，名詞需要對其首字母進行大寫(capitalization)?

　　表示月份：February

　　表示歷史事件：The Enlightenment

　　表示歷史時期：The Middle Ages

　　表示書刊、報紙：The New York Times，The Washington Post

　　表示節(jié)日：Christmas，the Spring Festival

　　表示國家(地區(qū))：North America

　　表示專有名詞：the Amazon