如何讓你的托福寫作大放異彩

　　閃光的托福作文包含四個(gè)要素：

　　1、完整性：句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，意義完整;

　　2、連貫性：句子各部分之間以及句子之間的關(guān)系緊密、協(xié)調(diào)，前后意思連貫，思想表達(dá)清楚有序;

　　3、簡潔性：言簡意賅;

　　4、多樣性：包括詞匯多樣性和句子多樣性。

　　以上四要素中，前三個(gè)要素是前提和基礎(chǔ)，比較容易做到;多樣性是對前三個(gè)要素的升華，是作文閃光點(diǎn)的核心和關(guān)鍵所在。

　　托福詞匯多樣性：

　　詞匯貧乏是中國學(xué)生英語作文的通病。整篇作文一個(gè)詞用到底，從不作任何變化：一遇到“改變/變化”就是change，“影響”就是effect，“流行”就是popular，“認(rèn)為”就是think; 每逢“因?yàn)?rdquo;就是because，“意識(shí)到”就是realize，“想到”就是think of 等等。其實(shí)英語詞匯很豐富的，同一個(gè)意思可以由很多不同的方式表達(dá)。

　　句子多樣性：

　　單調(diào)的句式和結(jié)構(gòu)、長度相近的句子使作文呆板單調(diào)，缺乏生動(dòng)性和說服力;而靈活多變的句子樣式和結(jié)構(gòu)則使作文語言生動(dòng)，自然流暢，豐富多彩。具體包括以下幾個(gè)方面：

　　1長短句變換：簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句交替運(yùn)用

　　長句準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)，長于說明推理;短句簡潔明快，意義明確，印象深刻，描述動(dòng)作，表明主旨，總結(jié)歸納，非短句不可。既然各有所長，在寫作時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際需要，交替使用簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句，以達(dá)到“段間長短不一，全篇句式萬千”、豐富多樣的效果，給讀者以及閱卷老師以永恒的新鮮感。

　　2結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化

　　我們學(xué)過非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)(包括不定式結(jié)構(gòu)和分詞結(jié)構(gòu))，無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，比較結(jié)構(gòu)，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，特殊否定結(jié)構(gòu)，it結(jié)構(gòu)，平行結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，等等。其中最為神通廣大的是非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中或作主語、賓語，或作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語，或作定語修飾名詞，或作狀語表示條件、原因、讓步、時(shí)間、方式、目的、結(jié)果、伴隨狀況等，不一而足。

　　非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡化大部分英語從句，產(chǎn)生語言簡練，結(jié)構(gòu)豐富多樣的效果，請看下列轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)例：

　　名詞從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. That John won the marathon surprised us.

　　John’s winning the Marathon surprised us.

　　2. I have not decided whether I should vote for Clint.

　　I have not decided whether to vote for Clint.

　　定語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. The man (who is) standing at the gate is my English teacher.

　　2. The car (that was) repaired yesterday by him is my mother's.

　　3. The next train that arrives is from New York.

　　狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

　　Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

　　2. When they are heated metals expand.

　　(When) Heated, metals expand.

　　3. Because I do not know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

　　Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

　　4. I spoke slowly and clearly in order that the audience could understand me.

　　…in order for the audience to understand me.

　　5. If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fail.

　　United, we stand; divided, we fail.

　　6. Though he has lived in Canada for tree years, he still cannot speak English well.

　　Having lived in Canada for three years, he still cannot speak English well.

　　無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)也是閱卷老師喜歡看到的亮點(diǎn)，原因就在于由于漢語寫作慣性，中國學(xué)生很少能想到使用該結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)質(zhì)上是SVC結(jié)構(gòu)的省略，包括形容詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)、名詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)(即同位結(jié)構(gòu))和介詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，往往放在句子開頭，以逗號(hào)同主句隔開，表示原因、條件、讓步、補(bǔ)充說明，伴隨狀況等意義。請看下列例子：

　　形容詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. Big and fat, Victor went to the Gym(健身館) every Sunday morning.(原因)

　　2. Speechless, Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat.(伴隨狀語)

　　3. Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote.(原因)

　　4. (Although)always helpful, he was not much liked by people.(讓步)

　　5. It has little taste, unless hot.(條件)

　　名詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　6. A fellow Georgian(佐治亞人), Jordan was well-known as a friend of the President.(同位語)

　　7. Bank loan or no bank loan, we’ll buy the house.(讓步)

　　8. Whatever the reason, his cordiality(誠懇)to her has won him a friend.(讓步)

　　介詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　9. Because of his mistake several people died.(原因)

　　10. Without his sister’s money, Harry would never be a doctor.(條件)

　　由于寫作慣性，同學(xué)們寫英語作文時(shí)，很可能不會(huì)想到上述結(jié)構(gòu)，而是寫成分句，例如上述例1和例2可能寫成：

　　1b. Because he was big and fat, Victor went to the Gym every Sunday morning.

　　2b. Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat, and kept speechless.

　　相比之下不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)比分句效果更好，更地道，更簡練，同時(shí)又豐富了作文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，不僅讓讀者和閱卷老師為之眼前一亮!

　　3主語多樣化

　　中國人習(xí)慣于用人稱主語，而英語中則常用無靈主語(inanimate subject)，即無生命的事物作主語，如：

　　1.The last two decades has witnessed earth-shaking changes in China.

　　中國在過去的二十年中發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。

　　2. A strange peace came over her when she was alone.

　　她獨(dú)處時(shí)感到一種特別的安寧。

　　3. I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.

　　由于我近來事務(wù)繁忙，沒能給于及早回復(fù)，對此我表示深深的歉意。

　　4. The smallest excuse would have served.

　　其實(shí)，你隨便找個(gè)哪怕最小的借口就可以了。

　　5. That night sleep eluded me.

　　那天晚上我徹夜未眠。

　　6. The old house has seen better days.

　　這座老房子的主人曾過著更好的生活。

　　7. Everything at the party spoke of careful planning.

　　派對上的一切都說明主人進(jìn)行了精心策劃。

　　8.A terrible thought suddenly struck me—had I locked the door?

　　我突然產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)可怕的想法——我鎖門了嗎?

　　9. When he had to speak, his confidence suddenly deserted him.

　　等到不得不說話時(shí)，他卻突然沒了信心。

　　在英語中沒有生命的事物作主語，來作為動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者是相當(dāng)普遍的現(xiàn)象，幾乎和人稱主語句平分秋色。但由于受漢語思維的束縛，我們往往覺得人作主語更自然，因此大多數(shù)情況下，我們中國學(xué)生不假思索地采取漢語的思維去表達(dá)，如上述例1、例5和例9，很可能會(huì)寫作如下的樣子：

　　1b. Great changes have taken place in China in the last two decades.

　　5b. I failed to fall into sleep that night.

　　5c. I kept awake all through that night.

　　9b. When he had to speak, he suddenly lost confidence.

　　我們既然已經(jīng)了解了英語的這種獨(dú)特思維，寫托福作文時(shí)，我們要有意識(shí)地按照英語的思維去表達(dá)，這樣不僅能寫出地道的英語句子，也避免了作文中千篇一律的“人”主宰一切的枯燥和沉悶的氛圍。

　　4開頭多樣化

　　開頭除了使用主語外，還可以用各種各樣的結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. An expert in forest fire control, the forest ranger talked to the campers about safety in the woods.同位語

　　2. Angry, Mr. Boyd began to defend his reputation with strong arguments.形容詞短語

　　3. Tired and dirty, the boys returned to the camp.形容詞短語

　　4. Jogging every day, I soon increased my energy level.現(xiàn)在分詞短語

　　5. Troubled by a dream, Tim woke up with a start.過去分詞

　　6. To succeed in that course, you must attend every class.不定式短語

　　7. In the scientific laboratory, Madame Curie was an industrious worker.介詞短語

　　8. Because he was tired and discouraged, he did not want to rewrite the paper.原因狀語句

　　9. What you impulsively do in haste you may regret( )in leisure.賓語從句提前

　　5運(yùn)用修辭手法：排比;對偶

　　1. I came, I saw, I conquered. 我來了，我看了，我征服(凱撒大帝語)

　　2. He was well-known, well-respected, and well-loved.

　　3. The proof of gold is fire; the proof of woman, gold; the proof of man, a woman.火可以檢驗(yàn)真金，金子可以檢驗(yàn)女人，而女人可以檢驗(yàn)?zāi)腥恕?/p>

　　4. Government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.這個(gè)民有、民主、民享的政府永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)從地球上消失

　　5. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. (摘自馬丁·路德·金的著名演說I Have a Dream)

　　6. The power of French literature is in its prose writers; the power of English literature is in its poets.法國文學(xué)長于散文;英國文學(xué)優(yōu)于詩歌。

　　7. A long journey tests a horse’s strength; a long acquaintance shows a man’s heart. 路遙知馬力，日久見人心。

　　以上例句中，前五個(gè)運(yùn)用排比修辭格，節(jié)奏優(yōu)美，語勢強(qiáng)烈，感染力強(qiáng);后兩句運(yùn)用這些的秘訣可以稱為金科玉律(Golden Rules)，卻一點(diǎn)也不復(fù)雜，對偶修辭格，言簡意賅，意義雋永。掌握了上述方法將會(huì)讓你的托福作文語言大放異彩。