托福大作文論證方法一:擴(kuò)展主題句
即對(duì)論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展說明。常用銜接詞有 in other words換言之, that is to say也就是說,to be more precise說的具體一些by … I mean 我的意思是, this means…這意味著,namely 就是等。擴(kuò)展主題句中的名詞講清楚,即抽象名詞具體化。
例如:
1.For one thing, offering academic knowledge can contribute to students’ achievement.
黑色粗體所描述內(nèi)容比較抽象,我們可以對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)知識(shí)的具體內(nèi)容和學(xué)生們的成就進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展描述。
2.That is to say, in primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spelling Chinese characters and basic mathematical knowledge which ensure them mastering the common sense in daily life and offering the first step of further education.
托福大作文論證方法二:舉例論證
舉例論證是同學(xué)們常用且考官們非常推薦的一種論證方法。
常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:as a proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, specifically, to illustrate, to demonstrate等。而在句型方面也是非常靈活的。
例如:A good case in point is that …;A typical example can be found in …;Take … for example, …;…, which may include …等。
在舉例當(dāng)中同學(xué)們的誤區(qū)在于,更加傾向于舉非常“具體”的例子,而且存在正僥幸心理編一些中國(guó)人名和例子。在此,以下幾個(gè)問題要特別注意。首先,托福大作文寫作舉例需要舉general的例子,泛泛而非個(gè)人。個(gè)人經(jīng)歷是不能夠作為支持論證支持觀點(diǎn)的。其次,最好不要硬性翻譯中國(guó)的諺語,可適當(dāng)使用外國(guó)諺語,但是也要使用有度,因?yàn)楹芏嘀V語的寫法只適用于口語體。最后,對(duì)于例子不能過分展開。大作文的字?jǐn)?shù)為250字,在有限的字?jǐn)?shù)內(nèi)我們要想考官展現(xiàn)我們語法詞匯功底以及思維的靈活性和縝密性,贅述一個(gè)論證會(huì)減少我們論證其他觀點(diǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)。根據(jù)以上幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng),下文為論述進(jìn)口食物危害的舉例論證,無具體數(shù)字,進(jìn)行泛泛而談。
Eg:However, there are significant social, economic, and environmental drawbacks gained by purchasing imported food products. Examples of proposed environmental downsides include increased packaging, increased impact of transportation, higher livestock densities, etc.
托福大作文論證方法三四五:假設(shè)論證,因果論證,對(duì)比論證
對(duì)于以上三種論證方式,在托福作文當(dāng)中我們可以進(jìn)行三種論證的混合應(yīng)用,達(dá)到有力的支持效果。如針對(duì)1月25日考題,政府是否應(yīng)該立刻減少化石燃料的使用,在反對(duì)該觀點(diǎn)的論證中,可以在假設(shè)石油匱乏的前提下,將石油帶來的影響波及到農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)等等一連串與我們生活息息相關(guān)的東西上,這樣“石油是經(jīng)濟(jì)和政府命脈”這樣一個(gè)虛、泛的話題就具體化了,證明立刻減少其使用消極影響是非常巨大的。
• Then, since the transportation system is the lifeline of a country’s economic activities, its paralysis would lead to the disintegration of the economy, either industry of farming or daylife. Suppose all the means of transportation were halted for lack of oil, factories with insufficient raw materials would have to close, workers would be out of work, and ripe farm crops would have to stay in the fields at the mercy of rain and storms. People would try to store food and the price of all commodities would go up. If we take those power stations run by oil into account, situations would become even worse. In this sense, oil decides the fate of the whole economy and that of the government.
本段范文在首句進(jìn)行因果論證,搭配使用假設(shè)論證和對(duì)比論證,假設(shè)在缺乏石油的情況下,可能會(huì)有怎想不好的情況,從而證明石油的存在是不可或缺的。
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