1. Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.
【翻譯演練】 ____________________________
【參考譯文】 實(shí)際上,科學(xué)更多地取決于觀(guān)察試驗(yàn)者的腦力準(zhǔn)備,而非科學(xué)所需要的實(shí)驗(yàn)本身。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments (it prepares)// than on the preparedness (of the minds) (of the men) (who watch the experiments).此句的整體結(jié)構(gòu)可簡(jiǎn)化為:Science...depends far less on A than B“科學(xué)更多地依賴(lài)B而非A”;第一段是句子的主干,主語(yǔ)是science,謂語(yǔ)是depends on,賓語(yǔ)是the experiments,其后it prepares是experiments的定語(yǔ)從句,省略了關(guān)系代詞that,雙逗號(hào)中間的in practice則是范圍狀語(yǔ),被插入于句中,表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的范圍;第二段是比較狀語(yǔ),介詞表達(dá)on the preparedness和前面對(duì)應(yīng)的介詞表達(dá)on the experiments形成比較關(guān)系,其中的(of the minds)(of the men)(who watch the experiments)是層層限定的關(guān)系,of the minds修飾preparedness,of the men修飾minds,who watch the experiments修飾men。
【詞匯精記】 in practice 在實(shí)踐中,實(shí)際上;depend on 依賴(lài)于,取決于;preparedness 準(zhǔn)備情況。
2. Yet their present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants.
【翻譯演練】 _____________________________
【參考譯文】 然而他們當(dāng)前的發(fā)展是迥然不同的,其原因根本不是人種的不同,而是存在于當(dāng)?shù)鼐用耦^腦中思想的不同。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Yet their present development is wholly different,// not so much because of different people even , but because of the different thoughts (that exist in the minds of their inhabitants).第一段是句子的主干,主語(yǔ)是their development,謂語(yǔ)是系動(dòng)詞is,表語(yǔ)是different;第二段是由not...but...構(gòu)成框架的兩個(gè)對(duì)比原因狀語(yǔ)(not because of...but because of...),為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,改寫(xiě)成了not so much A even but B模式,可譯為:“根本不是A而是B”;句子末端的that從句是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞thoughts。
【詞匯精記】 wholly 整個(gè)的;inhabitant 居民。
3. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
【翻譯演練】 ________________________
【參考譯文】 如果科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)被計(jì)劃并且能夠像科學(xué)雜志所表明的那樣忠實(shí)地按照計(jì)劃加以實(shí)施的話(huà),那么,管理方期待著研究能夠帶來(lái)可以用美元和美分計(jì)算的結(jié)果也是完全符合邏輯的。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 If experiments are planned and carried out (according to plan) ( as faithfully) ( as the reports in the science journals indicate ),//then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results (measurable in dollars and cents).句子的整體結(jié)構(gòu)是If..., then...“如果……,那么……”;第一段是If引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,其中主語(yǔ)是experiments,謂語(yǔ)是并列表達(dá)are planned and carried out,括號(hào)中的(according to plan)(as faithfully)是狀語(yǔ),共同修飾carried out,而 as the reports in the science journals indicate 則是連接詞as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句,和前面的as形成搭配,修飾faithfully,其中的斜體表達(dá)in the science journals 是介詞短語(yǔ)作前面the reports的后置定語(yǔ);第二段是主句,此處的then和前面的連詞if形成對(duì)應(yīng),以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣;此段的結(jié)構(gòu)是典型的It+be+adj.+for sb. to do句型,句末括號(hào)部分是形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),修飾前面的results。
【詞匯精記】 carry out 實(shí)施;science journal 科學(xué)雜志;indicate 暗示,表明;perfectly 完美地,極其地;logical 符合邏輯的;management 管理方,管理;measurable 可計(jì)算的,可衡量的。
4. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
【翻譯演練】 _______________________
【參考譯文】 電視是引發(fā)和傳遞這些感受的手段之一——在歐洲近來(lái)發(fā)生的事件中,它把不同的民族和國(guó)家連到一起,其作用之大,或許前所未有。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Television is one of the means (by which these feelings are created and conveyed)—//and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe .本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是and連接的并列句(不要被破折號(hào)干擾);在破折號(hào)前的分句一里,by which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞means(之所以用by+which是因?yàn)橄刃性~means的用法搭配:by a...means“通過(guò)……方式”);在分句二里,因否定詞never置于句首,出現(xiàn)了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),不僅如此,更大的難點(diǎn)是出現(xiàn)了比較結(jié)構(gòu)never...so much...as...,這是比較結(jié)構(gòu)在否定句中的特殊用法,通常表示最高級(jí)之意;分句二的正常語(yǔ)序是:perhaps it has never served so much to...as in...。
【詞匯精記】 convey 表達(dá),傳遞,運(yùn)輸;serve much to 為……做出很大貢獻(xiàn);connect different peoples and nations 把不同的民族和國(guó)家連到一起;by this means 通過(guò)這一方式。
5. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
【翻譯演練】 _________________________
【參考譯文】 但是正如人們不期望商人致力于探究商業(yè)的行為規(guī)范一樣,他的主要任務(wù)也不是思考約束其行為的道德準(zhǔn)則。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code (which governs his activity),// any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration (of rules) (of conduct) (in business).從宏觀(guān)層面來(lái)看,此句的理解關(guān)鍵是要把握not...any more than...這一特殊比較結(jié)構(gòu),它表示兩者類(lèi)比,意為“正如同不……一樣,……也不是……”;第一段括號(hào)內(nèi)的表達(dá)是which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞the moral code;第二段中句末的三個(gè)括號(hào)表達(dá)是層層限定關(guān)系,of rules修飾前面的exploration,of conduct修飾前面的rules,介詞短語(yǔ)in business修飾前面的conduct。
【詞匯精記】 primary 首要的;moral code 道德準(zhǔn)則(code表示密碼,法規(guī),禮法);govern 統(tǒng)治,管理;dedicate one's energies to 致力于;exploration 開(kāi)發(fā),探索;conduct (n.) 行為,(vt.) 疏導(dǎo),實(shí)施。
6. They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
【翻譯演練】 __________________________
【參考譯文】 他們可能教得很好,而且不只是為了賺錢(qián),但是他們中的大多數(shù)對(duì)涉及人類(lèi)道德判斷的問(wèn)題很少或沒(méi)有進(jìn)行獨(dú)立的思考。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries,//but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems (which involve moral judgment).句子的整體結(jié)構(gòu)是but連接的并列句;第一段主語(yǔ)是They,謂語(yǔ)是may teach,狀語(yǔ)分別是very well(方式狀語(yǔ))和more than earn...(比較狀語(yǔ)); more than 可譯為“不只是”,“比……更(多)”(如:I love you more than I can say)。
【詞匯精記】 earn one's salaries 賺取薪水;reflection 反映,反射,反思;make reflections on 反思;independent 獨(dú)立的;involve 涉及,卷入,包括;moral judgment 道德判斷。
7. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
【翻譯演練】 ____________________________
【參考譯文】 社會(huì)科學(xué)是知識(shí)探索的一個(gè)分支,它力圖像自然科學(xué)家研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣,用理性、有序、系統(tǒng)和冷靜的方式研究人類(lèi)及其目的。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry//(which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner ) ( that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena).第一段是句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu);第二段是which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞that branch of intellectual enquiry,從句的主語(yǔ)是關(guān)系代詞which,謂語(yǔ)是seeks to study,賓語(yǔ)是humans and their endeavors,后面畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分是方式狀語(yǔ),表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生方式;其中的斜體表達(dá)reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned 是并列的形容詞短語(yǔ)共同修飾manner;句末的that從句是定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞manner,也可理解為the same...that...比較結(jié)構(gòu)。
【詞匯精記】 branch 分支;intellectual(adj. )智力的,知識(shí)的,(n.)知識(shí)分子;enquiry 詢(xún)問(wèn),探究,調(diào)查;endeavor 試圖,努力;humans 人類(lèi);endeavor 試圖,努力;reasoned 合理的;orderly(adj.)有序的;systematic 系統(tǒng)的;dispassioned 冷靜的;phenomena 現(xiàn)象(pl.)。
8. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
【翻譯演練】 ___________________________
【參考譯文】 幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家都對(duì)歷史有自己的定義,但現(xiàn)代實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為:歷史是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其加以解釋的努力。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians ,//modern practice most closely conforms to one (that sees history as the attempt) (to recreate and explain the significant events of the past).句子的主干是第二段,其中主語(yǔ)是modern practice,謂語(yǔ)是conforms to,賓語(yǔ)是one,后面是關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞one,句末是不定式短語(yǔ)to recreate...作后置定語(yǔ),修飾前面的the attempt;第一段是While引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,修飾后面主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣;從句中as...as結(jié)構(gòu)表示同級(jí)比較。
【詞匯精記】 definition 定義;historian 歷史學(xué)家;modern practice 現(xiàn)代實(shí)踐;most closely 最接近地;conform to 遵守,與……保持一致;see...as... 把……視作;recreate 再現(xiàn),重現(xiàn)(不能說(shuō)重新創(chuàng)造歷史);events 事件,此處引申為“史實(shí)”。
9. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the contemporary world.
【翻譯演練】 ___________________________
【參考譯文】 社會(huì)科學(xué)研究法一定要符合以歷史史料而不是以當(dāng)今的世界需求為首位的指導(dǎo)原則。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline//(governed by the primacy) (of historical sources rather than the contemporary world).第一段是句子的主干,主語(yǔ)是Social science methodologies,謂語(yǔ)是had to be adapted to,賓語(yǔ)是a discipline;第二段括號(hào)中的成分governed by...是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),修飾前面的名詞a discipline,緊隨其后的是介詞短語(yǔ)of...,作前面primacy的后置定語(yǔ);其中,historical sources和the contemporary world形成對(duì)比反差。
【詞匯精記】 methodology 方法論,研究法;be adapted to 適應(yīng);discipline 紀(jì)律,戒律,引申為“原則”;govern 統(tǒng)治,支配,控制;primacy 首要,首位;historical sources (術(shù)語(yǔ))史料;contemporary 當(dāng)代的。
10. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978~1987 averages.
【翻譯演練】 ___________________________
【參考譯文】 自從1991年以來(lái),生產(chǎn)率每年大約增長(zhǎng)2%,這是1978年~1987年平均增長(zhǎng)率的兩倍多。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, (which is more than twice the 1978~1987 averages). by about 2%和a year分別作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞has increased的程度和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,對(duì)先行詞2%進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明;此句最大的特點(diǎn)是出現(xiàn)了倍數(shù)表達(dá):twice/three times/half/one third/three fourths the+n.表示“是n.的兩倍/三倍/二分之一/三分之一/四分之三”。
【詞匯精記】 productivity 生產(chǎn)率;increase by 增長(zhǎng)了(increase to 增長(zhǎng)到);average(可作形容詞和名詞)平均的或平均(值)。
11. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in U. S. News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
【翻譯演練】 _________________________
【參考譯文】 但是,可以肯定這并不意味著關(guān)注工業(yè)無(wú)節(jié)制增長(zhǎng)的環(huán)保主義者就是反科學(xué)的,正如去年五月《美國(guó)新聞與世界報(bào)道》上的一篇文章似乎表明的那樣。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 But surely that does not mean//environmentalists (concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth) are anti-science ,// as an essay (in U. S. News & World Report) last May seemed to suggest.此句的主干是That does not mean (that...),主語(yǔ)是that,謂語(yǔ)是does not mean,賓語(yǔ)是后面的從句;第二段是mean的賓語(yǔ)從句,省略了that引導(dǎo)詞,在第二段中主干是畫(huà)線(xiàn)的environmentalists are anti-science ,括號(hào)中的部分是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾environmentalists;第三段是as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,也是本句重點(diǎn):as是關(guān)系代詞,代替前面的主句的內(nèi)容,在此定語(yǔ)從句中作suggest的賓語(yǔ)。 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句翻譯時(shí),as常譯為“正如,正像”,給人的印象如同一個(gè)比較狀語(yǔ)從句;此外,最后一段中的括號(hào)成分是介詞短語(yǔ)in...作后置定語(yǔ),修飾前面的essay。
【詞匯精記】 surely 肯定地;mean 意味著;environmentalist 環(huán)保主義者;be concerned about 關(guān)注;uncontrolled 失控的;industrial growth 工業(yè)增長(zhǎng);anti-science 反科學(xué)的;suggest 暗示,表明。
12. As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent—little more than two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of Western states.
【翻譯演練】 ________________________________
【參考譯文】 因此,加利福尼亞的增長(zhǎng)率在二十世紀(jì)七十年代的時(shí)候下降到了18.5%,這大約僅僅是二十世紀(jì)六十年代增長(zhǎng)率的三分之二,并且遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于西部諸州的增長(zhǎng)率。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 As a result, California's growth rate dropped (during the 1970s), (to 18.5 percent)//—( little more than two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of Western states).破折號(hào)之前的第一段是句子的主干,during the 1970s和to 18.5 percent分別是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和程度狀語(yǔ),表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作dropped發(fā)生的時(shí)間和程度;破折號(hào)后面由two thirds the...和below...并列組成,是前面18.5 percent的非限制性定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的省略(which was) little...and...below...。 因?yàn)閠o 18.5 percent后接了長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ),所以為了避免頭重腳輕結(jié)構(gòu)失衡,才將時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)during the 1970s前置到了程度狀語(yǔ)前,因?yàn)閐rop+to形成相對(duì)固定的搭配。此外,two thirds the+n.是倍數(shù)表達(dá),詳見(jiàn)前文的解釋。
【詞匯精記】 as a result 結(jié)果,因此;growth rate(相當(dāng)于growth figure) 增長(zhǎng)率;drop to 下降到;little more than 大約僅僅(no more than/nothing more than 僅僅);considerably 程度大地;Western states 特指美國(guó)西部諸州。
13. Thus, just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability inconstancy.
【翻譯演練】 ___________________________________
【參考譯文】 因此,就像較早的理論可以解釋大陸的移動(dòng)性一樣,熱點(diǎn)也可以解釋它們的不定性。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Thus, just as earlier theories have explained the mobility (of the continents),// so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).此句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Just as...so...“正像……一樣,……亦如此”;第一段是as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句,第二段是句子的主干。 此處的so并非連接詞,而是副詞,和前面的as形成對(duì)應(yīng),以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣(比如:Just as a coin has two sides, so it is true of this case. 正如一枚硬幣有兩面,因此這一情形亦如此)。
【詞匯精記】 mobility 移動(dòng)性;continent 大陸;hot spot (地理術(shù)語(yǔ))熱點(diǎn);mutability(相當(dāng)于inconstancy)不定性。
14. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.
【翻譯演練】 ________________________________
【參考譯文】 就像任何發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)一樣,在美國(guó),一系列復(fù)雜的文化標(biāo)志、觀(guān)念和習(xí)俗構(gòu)成了所有社交關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 As is true of any developed society,//in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.第一段是as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,它作為關(guān)系代詞代替整個(gè)第二段的主句內(nèi)容,可譯為“正如,正像”;第二段中的畫(huà)線(xiàn)斜體部分是主句的主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是underlies,賓語(yǔ)是all social interrelationships。 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置很靈活,可置于句首、句中和句末。
【詞匯精記】 be true of 對(duì)于……是真實(shí)的;developed society 發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì),發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家;complex 復(fù)雜的;a set of 一系列的;cultural signal 文化信號(hào)(標(biāo)志);assumption 假設(shè),觀(guān)點(diǎn)(此處作為復(fù)數(shù)可引申為“觀(guān)念”);convention 習(xí)俗;underlie 處于……的下方,構(gòu)成……的基礎(chǔ);social interrelationship 社交關(guān)系。
15. Perhaps selections for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.
【翻譯演練】 _________________________
【參考譯文】 為護(hù)理職業(yè)選擇人員,尤其是為醫(yī)療護(hù)理職業(yè),也許應(yīng)該更多地考慮他們是否細(xì)心且具有同情心,而不是看他們的化學(xué)成績(jī)?nèi)绾巍?
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Perhaps selections (for the caring professions, especially medicine), could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations (as sensitivity and sympathy).此句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)可簡(jiǎn)略為:Perhaps selections...could be made less by A and more by B,句子的主語(yǔ)是selections,謂語(yǔ)是could be made,后面是兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)出者的比較;第一個(gè)括號(hào)中的成分是selections的后置定語(yǔ),第二個(gè)括號(hào)中的as sensitivity and sympathy和前面的such形成搭配,亦是后置定語(yǔ),修飾前面的considerations。
【詞匯精記】 make selections 作選擇;profession 職業(yè);the caring profession 護(hù)理職業(yè);grade 分?jǐn)?shù),級(jí)別;chemistry 化學(xué);sensitivity 敏感;sympathy 同情心。
16. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.
【翻譯演練】 _____________________________
【參考譯文】 Alexander Fleming 爵士并不像傳奇中所描述的那樣一看到奶酪上的霉當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)鼐彤a(chǎn)生了青霉素的想法。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it , look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea (for penicillin) there and then .此句的主語(yǔ)是Sir Alexander Fleming,謂語(yǔ)是并列的look at和get,賓語(yǔ)分別是the mold和the idea for penicilli,狀語(yǔ)分別是on a piece of cheese(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),修飾look at)和there and then(地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),修飾get);但此句的插入成分才是理解的關(guān)鍵:as引導(dǎo)的表達(dá)并非插入語(yǔ),是比較狀語(yǔ)從句居中的情況,鑒于前面主句是否定形式did not,故要發(fā)生否定轉(zhuǎn)移,翻譯時(shí)要關(guān)注此語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。
【詞匯精記】 Sir(和人名連用時(shí))爵士;legend 傳奇;as legend would have it (習(xí)語(yǔ))像傳奇中所描述的那樣;penicillin 青霉素;there and then 當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)亍?
17. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
【翻譯演練】 __________________________
【參考譯文】 同過(guò)去一樣,在將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象,并帶來(lái)新的完美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past , giving rise to new standards of elegance . as well as連接兩個(gè)邏輯上并列的主語(yǔ),must arise作句子謂語(yǔ),三個(gè)畫(huà)線(xiàn)成分都是狀語(yǔ):in the future作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),as they have in the past是as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句,giving rise to...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),分別表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞must arise發(fā)生的時(shí)間、比較和結(jié)果狀況。
【詞匯精記】 new forms of thought 新的思維方式;subject 主題,對(duì)象;new subjects for thought 新的思維對(duì)象;arise 出現(xiàn);give rise to 引起,產(chǎn)生,帶來(lái);elegance 優(yōu)雅;standard 標(biāo)準(zhǔn);new standards of elegance 完美的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
18. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
【翻譯演練】 ________________________
【參考譯文】 很可能,在一天當(dāng)中,這里的每一個(gè)人都會(huì)經(jīng)歷一系列復(fù)雜的推理活動(dòng),這一推理活動(dòng)和科學(xué)工作者在探尋自然現(xiàn)象起因時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的推理活動(dòng)屬于同一種類(lèi),盡管程度有所不同。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Probably there is not one here (who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning)//, of the very same kind, (though differing in degree), as that (which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena ).第一段須關(guān)注:①主句和who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中雙否定詞帶來(lái)的理解障礙;②in the course of the day這一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)分隔了謂語(yǔ)部分has...had;③in motion分隔了動(dòng)詞set和賓語(yǔ)a complex set of reasoning的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。第二段須關(guān)注:①of the very same kind是介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),因較長(zhǎng)之故用逗號(hào)和前面的reasoning分隔開(kāi)來(lái);②of the very same kind和 as that...是the same...that結(jié)構(gòu),表示比較;③括號(hào)中的though differing in degree是讓步狀語(yǔ)居中的情況,可最后處理;④as后的that指代前面的reasoning,和前面的reasoning形成比較;⑤that后的which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾that,使其內(nèi)容更為具體,此從句中的畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分是in doing結(jié)構(gòu),作從句謂語(yǔ)goes through的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
【詞匯精記】 course 過(guò)程,(一道)菜,航向,課程;in the course of(相當(dāng)于during)在……期間;in the course of the day 在一天當(dāng)中;had occasion to do 有機(jī)會(huì)做;set...in motion 使運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),經(jīng)歷;complex 復(fù)雜的;a train of 一系列的;reasoning(因-ing,故為動(dòng)詞之意)推理;go through 經(jīng)歷;in doing 在做某事的時(shí)候(方面);trace 探尋,探索;cause 起因,事業(yè);phenomena 現(xiàn)象(pl.)。
19. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.
【翻譯演練】 __________________________________________
【參考譯文】 在該術(shù)語(yǔ)所指的行為種類(lèi)方面要比怎樣對(duì)其進(jìn)行詮釋和解讀方面有著更多的共識(shí)。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 There is more agreement on the kinds (of behavior) (referred to by the term) than there is on (how to interpret or classify them).此句的整體結(jié)構(gòu)可簡(jiǎn)化為:There is more agreement on A than (there is) on B,譯為:“在A(yíng)方面比在B方面有著更多的共識(shí)”,在本質(zhì)上屬于兩個(gè)范圍狀語(yǔ)的比較;括號(hào)中的of behavior是kinds的后置定語(yǔ),referred to...是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作前面behavior的后置定語(yǔ);句末括號(hào)中的how to...是一個(gè)復(fù)合不定式,相當(dāng)于名詞作介詞on的賓語(yǔ)。
【詞匯精記】 agreement 一致,共識(shí),協(xié)議;refer to 參考,指;term 術(shù)語(yǔ);interpret 詮釋?zhuān)谧g;classify 分類(lèi)。
20. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other is on the microscope.
【翻譯演練】 _________________________
【參考譯文】 審計(jì)員完全有理由相信有著明確目標(biāo)并且知道如何實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的科學(xué)家不應(yīng)該被這種必要性分心:一只眼睛盯著收銀機(jī),同時(shí)另一只眼睛盯著顯微鏡。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 It is entirely reasonable (for auditors) to believe //that scientists (who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there ) should not be distracted by the necessity (of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other is on the microscope).第一段是句子的主干,屬于典型的It is+adj . for sb. to do模式,此句中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是不定式to believe...,for auditors是believe的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者;第二段是that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,作前面believe的賓語(yǔ)(即賓語(yǔ)從句),其中主語(yǔ)是scientists,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是should not be distracted,后接動(dòng)作發(fā)出者by the necessity;賓語(yǔ)從句須關(guān)注:①?gòu)木渲髡Z(yǔ)scientists后面是who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞scientists,此定語(yǔ)從句中,主語(yǔ)是關(guān)系代詞who,謂語(yǔ)是know,賓語(yǔ)是where和how并列引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)名詞從句(即賓語(yǔ)從句);②句末括號(hào)中,介詞of短語(yǔ)作前面necessity的后置定語(yǔ),在此后置定語(yǔ)中 while 又引導(dǎo)一從句,和前面的內(nèi)容形成對(duì)比反差。
【詞匯精記】 entirely 完全地;reasonable 完全合理的;auditor 聽(tīng)眾,審計(jì)員;distract 分散注意力;necessity 必要性;the cash register 現(xiàn)金收銀機(jī);cash 現(xiàn)金;register 登記;microscope 顯微鏡;while 然而。
21. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; nowhere is this more true than in Europe.
【翻譯演練】 _________________________
【參考譯文】 對(duì)電腦技術(shù)的貢獻(xiàn)不再局限于任何單一的國(guó)家,這一點(diǎn)在歐洲尤其如此。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 No longer are contributions (to computer technology) confined to any one country;// nowhere is this more true than in Europe.此句是由分號(hào)斷開(kāi)的兩個(gè)分句組成;分句一出于強(qiáng)調(diào)的目的采用否定詞置于句首倒裝模式,本質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)是contributions (to computer technology) are no longer confined to any one country;分句二亦采用此類(lèi)倒裝模式,但此句還有一特殊比較結(jié)構(gòu),其比較原理是:當(dāng)一個(gè)具體事物同一類(lèi)事物進(jìn)行比較并用于否定的句式結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),常表示最高級(jí)(具體事物)的含義;在本句中nowhere實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于not anywhere,暗含一類(lèi)事物,和in Europe這一具體事物進(jìn)行比較,根據(jù)原理則in Europe是最“true”的。例如:
Nobody is more selfish than him in this class. 他是這個(gè)班里最自私的人。
【詞匯精記】 contribution to 對(duì)……的貢獻(xiàn);be confined to 局限于;computer technology 電腦技術(shù);Europe 歐洲。
22. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom.
【翻譯演練】 ______________________________
【參考譯文】 我們最責(zé)無(wú)旁貸需要理解的社會(huì)問(wèn)題是風(fēng)俗的作用。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 There is no social problem (it is more incumbent upon us to understand) than this (of the role) (of custom).此句的比較原理同上句,即:當(dāng)一個(gè)具體事物同一類(lèi)事物進(jìn)行比較并用于否定的句式結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),常表示最高級(jí)(具體事物)的含義。此句no social problem中的social problem是一類(lèi)事物,而比較連詞than后面的this(指代social problem)則是一個(gè)具體事物,基于原理,this of the role of custom是最“incumbent upon us to understand”的。 it is more incumbent upon us to understand是定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的先行詞problem,但此從句結(jié)構(gòu)較特殊:①省略了關(guān)系代詞that;②從句里的it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to understand...。
【詞匯精記】 incumbent 負(fù)有義務(wù),負(fù)某種責(zé)任;it is incumbent upon sb. to do sth. 某人有責(zé)任做某事;role 角色,作用。
23. There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman) to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare uses it.
【翻譯演練】 ________________________________
【參考譯文】 對(duì)于一名外國(guó)人(或英國(guó)本國(guó)人)而言,如果想欣賞英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的豐富性和多樣性,最好的方式莫過(guò)于研究莎士比亞駕馭英語(yǔ)的各種手法。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 There is probably no better way {for a foreigner (or an Englishman) to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language} than by studying the various ways (in which Shakespeare uses it).句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:There is probably no better way (...) than by studying the various ways (...),括號(hào)部分是修飾語(yǔ),修飾限制各自前面的名詞。此句的結(jié)構(gòu)本質(zhì)同上句;better way泛指一類(lèi)事物,比較連詞than后面的by studying...是一個(gè)具體事物,基于原理可知,by studying...是最好的欣賞英語(yǔ)的方式。
【詞匯精記】 appreciate 欣賞,鑒賞;richness 豐富性;variety 多樣性。
24. There is no spectacle on earth more appealing than that of a beautiful woman in the act of cooking dinner for someone she loves.
【翻譯演練】 ____________________________
【參考譯文】 世界上沒(méi)有任何景象會(huì)比一個(gè)漂亮女人為自己心愛(ài)的人做飯時(shí)的景象更打動(dòng)人的了。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 There is no spectacle on earth more appealing than that (of a beautiful woman) (in the act) (of cooking dinner for someone) (she loves).句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分,后面括號(hào)中的成分是連環(huán)后置定語(yǔ):介詞短語(yǔ)of a...修飾前面的that,介詞短語(yǔ)in the act修飾前面的woman,介詞短語(yǔ)of cooking...修飾前面的act,最末括號(hào)中的she loves是省略了關(guān)系代詞that或who的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞someone;主干結(jié)構(gòu)本質(zhì)上等同于No spectacle on earth is more appealing than that...,比較原理同上文所講,即此句no spectacle中的spectacle泛指一類(lèi)事物,比較連詞后面的that指代具體的一個(gè)spectacle,基于原理,that應(yīng)該是最高級(jí)的內(nèi)容(最打動(dòng)人的景象)。
【詞匯精記】 spectacle 景觀(guān),景象;appealing 打動(dòng)人的,有感染力的;in the act of 在做……之時(shí)。
25. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?
【翻譯演練】 _____________________________
【參考譯文】 例如,會(huì)有情景比這更可怕更怪誕的嗎?——炮手用科學(xué)毀滅人的身體而外科醫(yī)生就在附近用科學(xué)搶救被炮手毀滅的身體。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that (of gunners) (using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them)?句子的主干是畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分( that指代的對(duì)象是spectacle),后面的括號(hào)部分皆為that的后置定語(yǔ);主干結(jié)構(gòu)本質(zhì)上等同于No spectacle could be more grimly whimsical than that...,原理同上文所講,any spectacle是一類(lèi)事物,that指代一具體事物,故that應(yīng)為最高級(jí)之意(最荒誕可怕的)。
【詞匯精記】 spectacle 景觀(guān),景象;grimly 可怕地,恐怖地;whimsical 荒誕的;gunner 炮手;shatter 毀滅,摧毀;close at hand 近在咫尺的地方,就在眼前;surgeon 外科醫(yī)生;restore 恢復(fù)。
26. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is nothing more than an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.
【翻譯演練】 ___________________________
【參考譯文】 個(gè)體電視觀(guān)眾總是感覺(jué)自己僅僅是龐大而又多樣的觀(guān)眾群體中一個(gè)無(wú)名且數(shù)量上微不足道的組成部分。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 The (individual) (TV) viewer (invariably) senses//that he or she is nothing more than an (anonymous, statistically insignificant) part (of a huge and diverse audience).此句的主干是The...viewer(主語(yǔ))senses(謂語(yǔ))that he or she is nothing more than an...part...(賓語(yǔ)從句),括號(hào)中的成分除invariably(頻度狀語(yǔ))外,皆為相關(guān)名詞的前后置定語(yǔ)。
【詞匯精記】 individual 個(gè)體,個(gè)人;viewer 觀(guān)眾(尤指電視觀(guān)眾);invariably 總是;sense 感覺(jué);nothing more than/no more than/little more than 僅僅,只不過(guò)(例如:It is no more than a joke. 這只不過(guò)是一個(gè)玩笑而已);anonymous 匿名的;statistically 統(tǒng)計(jì)地;insignificant 微不足道的,無(wú)足輕重的;diverse 各種各樣的;audience 觀(guān)眾,聽(tīng)眾。
27. What he did was no less than a miracle.
【翻譯演練】 ______________________________
【參考譯文】 他所做的一切完全是個(gè)奇跡。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 What he did was no less than a miracle.此句的主語(yǔ)是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句(即主語(yǔ)從句),謂語(yǔ)是系動(dòng)詞was,表語(yǔ)是a miracle,no less than屬于加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的程度狀語(yǔ),表示“完全,已經(jīng),都”之意。
【詞匯精記】 no less than/nothing less than/little less than 完全,已經(jīng),都(例如:He is no less than 12. 他都12歲了);miracle 奇跡。
28. Nothing is less instructive than a machine.
【翻譯演練】 __________________________
【參考譯文】 沒(méi)有任何事物比機(jī)器更缺乏教育意義的了(機(jī)器是最沒(méi)有教育意義的)。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Nothing is less instructive than a machine.此句的結(jié)構(gòu)原理前文已講過(guò),即當(dāng)比較結(jié)構(gòu)用于否定句,并且是一個(gè)具體事物和整個(gè)同類(lèi)事物比較時(shí),那么通常表示(具體事物)最高級(jí)之意;基于此原理:比較連詞than后的a machine應(yīng)是最高級(jí)之意(即在instructive方面它是最“l(fā)ess”的)。例如:
Nothing is more natural than a child's trust in his mother. 孩子對(duì)于母親的信任是最自然不過(guò)的了;
Nobody is less emotional than Tom. Tom是世上最沒(méi)有感情的人。
【詞匯精記】 instructive 有教育意義的,指導(dǎo)性的。
29. The robot has no more emotion than the car.
【翻譯演練】 _____________________________
【參考譯文】 機(jī)器人和汽車(chē)一樣沒(méi)有情感。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 The robot has no more emotion than the car. no more...than... 意為“和……一樣的不……”,例如:
He is no more sad than I. 他和我一樣的不傷感。
【詞匯精記】 robot 機(jī)器人;emotion 情感。
30. Old books that have ceased to be of service should no more be abandoned than should old friends who have ceased to give pleasure.
【翻譯演練】 _____________________________
【參考譯文】 不再有價(jià)值的舊圖書(shū)和不再讓你快樂(lè)的老朋友一樣,不應(yīng)該被拋棄。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Old books (that have ceased to be of service) should no more be abandoned than should old friends (who have ceased to give pleasure).因括號(hào)中的成分是后置定語(yǔ)從句,故此句結(jié)構(gòu)可簡(jiǎn)化為:A should no more be abandoned than should B“A和B一樣不應(yīng)該被拋棄”。
【詞匯精記】 cease 停止;abandon 拋棄;give pleasure 帶來(lái)樂(lè)趣。
31. Language is a part of our organism and no less complicated than it.
【翻譯演練】 ____________________________
【參考譯文】 語(yǔ)言是我們有機(jī)體的一部分,它和有機(jī)體一樣的復(fù)雜。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Language is a part of our organisms and no less complicated than it. no less...than... 意為“和……一樣的……”,例如:
He is no less pleased than I (am). 他和我一樣的高興。
【詞匯精記】 organism 有機(jī)物;complicated 復(fù)雜的。
32. She knew better than to go out alone on such a night.
【翻譯演練】 ______________________________
【參考譯文】 她不至于傻到在這樣的夜晚單獨(dú)外出。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 She knew better than to go out alone on such a night.這是一個(gè)特殊的比較結(jié)構(gòu): know better than to do sth. 不至于(愚蠢或糊涂到)做某事。
33. The hardship of the work was more than an ordinary man can bear.
【翻譯演練】 _______________________________
【參考譯文】 該工作的艱難不是一般人所能忍受的(該工作的艱難超出了一般人所能忍受的程度)。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 The hardship of the work was more than an ordinary man can bear.此句中的 more than 接近“否定”的概念;從字面上看,than前后的比較對(duì)象程度不一,前面程度強(qiáng)后面程度弱,所以有時(shí)便可引申理解為對(duì)前者的“肯定”,對(duì)后者的“否定”。例如:
I love you more than I can say. 愛(ài)你在心口難開(kāi);
Their dancing proved to be more than the dish could bear. 結(jié)果表明此碟子無(wú)法承受他們?cè)谏厦嫣琛?
【詞匯精記】 hardship 困難,艱難;bear 承載,忍受。
34. The importance of studying English cannot be overemphasized.
【翻譯演練】 __________________________________
【參考譯文】 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的重要性怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過(guò)。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 The importance (of studying English) cannot be over emphasized.此種結(jié)構(gòu)中:cannot+over-~ 或cannot+too 都表示“肯定”之意,且語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)烈(類(lèi)似于“雙重否定”)。例如:
A woman can never have too many hats. 一個(gè)女人擁有再多的帽子也不算多。
【詞匯精記】 overemphasize 過(guò)度強(qiáng)調(diào)。
35. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
【翻譯演練】 ______________________________
【參考譯文】 他們說(shuō),科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說(shuō)源于天才偉人的真知灼見(jiàn),不如說(shuō)源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Science moves forward, (they say), not so much through the insights (of great men of genius) as because of more ordinary things (like improved techniques and tools).句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:Science moves forward, not so much through A as because of B 科學(xué)的進(jìn)步與其說(shuō)是源自A倒不如說(shuō)源自B,they say是插入語(yǔ),其他兩個(gè)括號(hào)成分皆是前面相關(guān)名詞的后置定語(yǔ);not so much...as是個(gè)特殊的比較結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)該熟記,其意為:“與其……不如……”; 此處的介詞through意思相當(dāng)于because of。
【詞匯精記】 insight 洞察力;genius 天才;the insights of great men of genius 天才偉人的真知灼見(jiàn);ordinary things 普通事物;improve 改進(jìn);technique 技術(shù);tool 工具;they say 他們說(shuō)(插入語(yǔ),按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,翻譯時(shí)放在句首)。
36. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than exist in traditional media.
【翻譯演練】 _______________________________
【參考譯文】 這些提議旨在對(duì)使用和拷貝數(shù)字信息施行比傳統(tǒng)媒體領(lǐng)域所施行的更為嚴(yán)格的限制措施。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 這個(gè)句子的省略出現(xiàn)在than之后,補(bǔ)全應(yīng)是:These proposals sought to place greater restrictions (on the use and copying of digital information) than ( those that ) exist in traditional media.主語(yǔ)是These proposals,謂語(yǔ)是sought to place,其中的sought是seek的過(guò)去式,賓語(yǔ)是greater restrictions,介詞短語(yǔ)on the use...information是其定語(yǔ);than之后的those指代前面的greater restrictions,緊隨其后的that從句是其定語(yǔ)從句;此句中,比較連詞than后面為了避免和前面的表達(dá)重復(fù),把比較對(duì)象進(jìn)行了省略處理。
【詞匯精記】 proposal 提議,建議;seek to do 努力做……;restriction 限制,限制措施;copying 拷貝;digital 數(shù)字的;media 媒體。
瘋狂英語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 新概念英語(yǔ) 走遍美國(guó) 四級(jí)聽(tīng)力 英語(yǔ)音標(biāo) 英語(yǔ)入門(mén) 發(fā)音 美語(yǔ) 四級(jí) 新東方 七年級(jí) 賴(lài)世雄 zero是什么意思萊蕪市萊礦家屬院英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)交流群