1. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
【翻譯演練】 ___________________________
【參考譯文】 有些哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為:權(quán)利只存在于社會(huì)契約中,是責(zé)任與權(quán)利交換雙方中的一方。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 Some philosophers argue ( that rights exist only within a social contract , as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements ). Some philosophers是主語(yǔ),argue是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)(即賓語(yǔ)從句);在that賓語(yǔ)從句中,主語(yǔ)是rights,謂語(yǔ)是exist,介詞短語(yǔ)only within...和as part of...分別是動(dòng)詞exist的范圍狀語(yǔ)和方式狀語(yǔ)。
【詞匯精記】 philosopher 哲學(xué)家;argue 主張,認(rèn)為(在閱讀中不要總機(jī)械地理解為“爭(zhēng)執(zhí)/爭(zhēng)議”);contract 合同,契約;exchange 交換;entitlements 利益,權(quán)利(entitle 授權(quán))。
2. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
【翻譯演練】 _______________________
【參考譯文】 “麻醉品濫用”一詞常用來(lái)代替“毒品濫用”,這是為了說(shuō)明:像煙、酒這類(lèi)物質(zhì)如果濫用的話,也會(huì)與海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 The phrase "substance abuse " is often used (instead of "drug abuse") (to make clear that substances (such as alcohol and tobacco) can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine ).此句中,主語(yǔ)是The phrase,之后的“substance abuse”是其同位語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)是is used,后面接有instead of...和to make clear...兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ),其中的不定式目的狀語(yǔ)to make clear后又承接了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的名詞從句,作make clear的賓語(yǔ)(即賓語(yǔ)從句);在此賓語(yǔ)從句里,括號(hào)部分such as...又作substances的后置定語(yǔ),故賓語(yǔ)從句的主干可簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)作:that substances...can be as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine。此外,此句亦應(yīng)關(guān)注as...as比較結(jié)構(gòu)的使用,第二個(gè)as引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句,為避免重復(fù),heroin and cocaine后省略了can be misused,理解時(shí)須加以留意。
【詞匯精記】 substance 物質(zhì),特殊類(lèi)的物質(zhì);abuse(ab-偏離+use使用)濫用,虐待;drug 藥品,毒品,麻醉藥;alcohol 酒精;tobacco 煙草;misuse(mis-錯(cuò)誤+use使用)錯(cuò)用,濫用;heroin 海洛因;cocaine 可卡因;make clear 弄清楚,確保。
3. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.
【翻譯演練】 ________________________________
【參考譯文】 必須認(rèn)識(shí)到,這些建立在相同前提基礎(chǔ)上的信仰風(fēng)俗(比方說(shuō)超自然的東西),必須放在一起加以考慮。我們自己的風(fēng)俗和其他民族的風(fēng)俗都在其中。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 It was necessary to recognize// that these institutions (which are based on the same premises), (let us say the supernatural), must be considered together, our own among the rest.第一段是句子的主干,其中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是不定式to recognize...;而第二段中that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句是動(dòng)詞recognize的賓語(yǔ)(即賓語(yǔ)從句),在此從句里,these institutions是主語(yǔ),must be considered together是謂語(yǔ)部分,our own among the rest是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作伴隨狀語(yǔ),第一個(gè)括號(hào)中的which部分是定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的institutions,第二個(gè)括號(hào)里的內(nèi)容是插入語(yǔ)。
【詞匯精記】 recognize 認(rèn)出,承認(rèn);institution 機(jī)構(gòu),信仰,制度;be based on 基于,建立在……的基礎(chǔ)上;premise 前提;let us say 比如說(shuō);supernatural 超自然的;the rest 剩余的(人或物)。
4. The young couple was worried because neither of them was aware of where they had lost the necklace.
【翻譯演練】 __________________________
【參考譯文】 這對(duì)年輕夫婦很焦慮,因?yàn)樗麄儍蓚€(gè)都不知道把項(xiàng)鏈丟在哪了。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 The young couple was worried//because neither of them was aware of where they had lost the necklace .此句主干是第一段的主系表結(jié)構(gòu),第二段是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句,在此從句中:neither of them是從句的主語(yǔ),was aware of是謂語(yǔ)部分,畫(huà)線部分是where引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)(即賓語(yǔ)從句)。
【詞匯精記】 couple 夫婦;be aware of 意識(shí)到,知道;necklace 項(xiàng)鏈。
5. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was nothing but a puma, but where had it come from?
【翻譯演練】 _______________________
【參考譯文】 專(zhuān)家們現(xiàn)在完全相信那只動(dòng)物就是美洲獅,但它究竟是從哪兒來(lái)的呢?
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was nothing but a puma ,//but where had it come from?此句是but連接兩個(gè)分句組成的并列句;第一個(gè)分句中:主語(yǔ)是The experts,謂語(yǔ)是were,表語(yǔ)是convinced,后面畫(huà)線的that從句是名詞性從句作形容詞convinced的賓語(yǔ),即形容詞convinced的賓語(yǔ)從句。類(lèi)似結(jié)構(gòu)還有:be sure that.../be afraid that.../be confident that...等。
【詞匯精記】 be fully convinced that... 完全相信;nothing but 只是,就是;puma 美洲獅。
6. More generally, the escape clauses could undermine the reforms by encouraging the suspicion that the new package will not deliver the changes that its supporters claim, but close analysis of what is inevitably a very complicated package might confirm the skeptics' fears.
【翻譯演練】 __________________________
【參考譯文】 更廣泛來(lái)講,例外條款會(huì)激起人們的懷疑,使他們認(rèn)為新計(jì)劃不會(huì)帶來(lái)其支持者所宣稱(chēng)的改變。由此,例外條款會(huì)給改革帶來(lái)破壞。但是,對(duì)于一項(xiàng)不可避免而又相當(dāng)復(fù)雜計(jì)劃的仔細(xì)分析或許會(huì)證實(shí)懷疑者的疑慮。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 More generally, the escape clauses could undermine the reforms (by encouraging the suspicion) (that the new package will not deliver the changes) (that its supporters claim),//but close analysis (of what is inevitably a very complicated package) might confirm the skeptics' fears .整體來(lái)講,此句是由并列連詞but連接的一個(gè)并列句;前面的分句較復(fù)雜:主語(yǔ)是the escape clauses,謂語(yǔ)是could undermine,賓語(yǔ)是the reforms,括號(hào)中by encouraging...是方式狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞undermine,表示其方式;在此狀語(yǔ)中,suspicion后的that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)suspicion的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)诖送徽Z(yǔ)從句里,changes后的that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞changes;在第二段的并列分句中,主語(yǔ)是analysis,謂語(yǔ)是might confirm,賓語(yǔ)是fears,但此處的括號(hào)內(nèi)容應(yīng)給予關(guān)注,其本質(zhì)上是介詞of+what名詞從句構(gòu)成的一個(gè)特殊的介詞短語(yǔ),作analysis的后置定語(yǔ),所以此處的what從句在本質(zhì)上是介詞of的賓語(yǔ)從句。
【詞匯精記】 generally 一般地,廣泛地,普遍地;escape 逃跑,(指合同條款時(shí))例外;clause (合同等的)條款;undermine 暗中破壞;suspicion 懷疑;package 包裹,一攬子交易;deliver 遞送,發(fā)表(演說(shuō)等);claim 聲稱(chēng);close(此處意為)仔細(xì)的;inevitably 不可避免地;complicated 復(fù)雜的;confirm 證實(shí),批準(zhǔn);skeptic 懷疑者,持懷疑態(tài)度的人。
7. A leader should show that he or she values the input of subordinates—for example, by involving them in decisions about matters in which they have a direct stake.
【翻譯演練】 ______________________________
【參考譯文】 一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者應(yīng)該表現(xiàn)出他或她對(duì)下屬參與的重視——例如,可以邀請(qǐng)他們參與對(duì)那些和他們有直接利害關(guān)系事務(wù)的決定。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 A leader should show ( that he or she values the input of subordinates)—for example, by involving them in decisions (about matters) (in which they have a direct stake).此句的主語(yǔ)是leader,謂語(yǔ)是should show,括號(hào)中的that部分是show的賓語(yǔ)從句;for example是插入語(yǔ),其后的by+doing結(jié)構(gòu)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞show的方式狀語(yǔ),在此部分中about matters是decisions的后置定語(yǔ),而in which they have a direct stake則是matters的定語(yǔ)從句。
【詞匯精記】 value 珍惜,珍視;input 輸入,投入,此處引申為“參與”;subordinate 下屬,下級(jí);involve(in) 使卷入,此處引申為“使參與”;stake 賭金,此處引申為“利害關(guān)系”。
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