Wedding customs and traditions
The idea of having bridesmaids1),pages2),a best man and ushers originated with the belief that evil spirits,envious of the couple’s happiness,would be out to harm them,but would be confused by so many similarly dressed people.The custom of the best man probably goes back to the days when the groom took a friend with him when he went to kidnap the bride from her home.Bells were originally rung at weddings to frighten away the evil spirits,and noisy celebrations were held beforehand to try and drive them from the community.These were the ancestors of our stag and hen parties.
The Ancient Egyptians were probably the first to use wedding rings:in hieroglyphics3),the circle was the symbol of eternity.The ring can also symbolize the bonds of a captive.
The Hindu ceremony takes place under a canopy of brocade or some other richly decorated material,festooned with flowers.The bride,wearing a red silk sari,is the first to arrive,but she hides out of sight until the bridegroom,robed in white,has been brought in by his friends and relations.As he enters,lights are waved over his head and grains of rice are thrown,a ceremonial act symbolizing riches and fertility.
In the Buddhist ceremony the bride and groom sip three times from each of three bowls of increasing size to symbolize how their lives will grow together.
In past times it was customary to shower the bride and groom with petals as they left the church,and for them to walk along a path strewn with flowers.This charming idea gave way in the era of mass production to paper confetti.In some countries,rice is thrown,to symbolize fertility and plenty.Beware,it could hurt if thrown with great vigour.
White wedding dresses have been in the forefront of bridal fashion since Queen Victoria broke with the royal tradition of a silver dress and opted4) for white for her wedding to Prince Albert in 1840.
The going-away car is often decorated by high-spirited friends with messages in lipstick and shaving foam,and tied about with balloons,tin cans,and old boots.The“old boot”tradition is an ancient one and stems from the time when the father,on giving away his daughter to the groom,presented him also with one of her slippers.This gave the new husband,symbolically speaking,the up per hand,for he was supposed to thrash5) her with it should she displease him.The slipper was put at the bed head on his side of the bed to remind his wife w ho was boss.However,if she became the dominant partner,neighbours transferred the power of the slipper to her,and christened6) her“the old boot.”
In the Jewish wedding ceremony the couple are married under a chuppah7),a canopy of s ilk or velvet8) held up by four posts.This is a relic o f the time when the children of Israel lived in tents.It symbolizes the bridal chamber.To some it signifies the home the couple will make together;its fragility reminds the couple of their own weakness and the need to nurture their union in order to ensure its survival.During the ceremony the bride and groom drink wine from the same glass,symbolizing that they will share all things.The bridegroom then dashes the glass to the floor and grinds it under his foot.Some say that this is a reminder of the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem,others that it frightens off the evil spirits;friends call out muzeltov(good luck)at this point.
婚禮的習(xí)俗與傳統(tǒng)
婚禮中配伴娘、男童、男儐相和迎賓員的觀念源于這樣一種信仰,即嫉妒新人幸福的邪惡幽靈會(huì)冒出來(lái)傷害他們,但如果婚禮上有許多著裝類似的人,就能迷惑幽靈。配男儐相的習(xí)俗大概要追溯到那種年代,那時(shí)新郎往往要帶上一個(gè)朋友去新娘家把她綁架出來(lái)。鈴在婚禮上叮當(dāng)作響原是為了嚇走邪惡幽靈,而在婚禮之前舉辦熱鬧的慶祝會(huì)也是為了把那些邪惡幽靈從新人和他們的親朋好友中趕走。這就是“雄鹿會(huì)”和“母雞會(huì)”的由來(lái)。
最早佩戴結(jié)婚戒指的大概是古埃及人:在象形文字中,圓圈是永恒的象征。金屬環(huán)也表示被俘人身上的鐐銬。
印度教的婚禮是在一個(gè)由錦緞,或其他裝飾華麗的布料織成并飾以鮮花的華蓋下舉行。身穿紅色絲綢莎麗的新娘第一個(gè)到達(dá),但她得躲起來(lái),等到身著白袍由親戚朋友相伴而來(lái)的新郎出現(xiàn)后,才能露面。新郎進(jìn)門時(shí),燈火要在他頭上揮動(dòng)閃爍,粒粒大米要撒在他的身上,這種婚禮儀式象征新人福星高照,多子多孫。
在佛教婚禮儀式上,新娘和新郎要啜飲三只依次增大的碗中的水,以象征他們相須而行,風(fēng)雨同舟。
過(guò)去,新娘新郎從教堂走出來(lái)時(shí),有往他們身上拋撒花瓣,而新人又需雙雙沿著一條撒滿鮮花的路款款而行的習(xí)俗。這一拋撒花瓣的可愛(ài)習(xí)俗在批量生產(chǎn)的時(shí)代被五彩的碎紙所取代。在有些國(guó)家,向新人拋撒大米,象征多子多孫,生活富裕。但拋撒大米可得小心,用勁大了,會(huì)傷著人的。
1840年,維多利亞女王在與艾伯特王子舉行的婚禮上,打破了著銀色婚裝的皇家傳統(tǒng)而選擇了白色。從那時(shí)起,白色婚禮服一直是新娘結(jié)婚的首選禮服。
載有新人的轎車往往要被興致勃勃的朋友們用口紅和剃須泡沫涂上幾句賀詞,并掛上汽球、洋鐵罐和舊靴子。掛“舊靴子”是個(gè)很古老的傳統(tǒng)。很久以前,當(dāng)父親把自己的女兒交給新郎時(shí),還要送給新郎一只女兒的拖鞋。從象征意義上來(lái)說(shuō),這就給了新郎一種主動(dòng)權(quán):一旦他的妻子讓他不高興,他就可以用拖鞋打她。這只拖鞋放在男人睡覺(jué)一側(cè)的床頭,提醒他的妻子誰(shuí)是一家之主。然而,如果女人在家里占了主導(dǎo)地位,鄰里們就會(huì)把掌握拖鞋的權(quán)力移交給她,并給她取綽號(hào)為“舊靴子”。
在猶太人的婚禮上,新人在一個(gè)由四根柱子撐起的用銀絲或天鵝絨織成的華蓋(chuppah)下舉行儀式。這是在重現(xiàn)以前以色列的孩子們住帳篷的日子。這華蓋象征著新房,有人認(rèn)為這意味著新人攜手共建的家;它的搖晃易倒提醒新人要意識(shí)到自身的軟弱,要珍視他們的婚姻,同甘共苦,以享百年好合。在婚禮上,新娘新郎還要共飲一杯酒,象征著他們要有福同享、有難同當(dāng)。然后,新郎要把玻璃杯摔在地上并用腳把它碾碎。有人說(shuō)這是在提醒人們記住耶路撒冷神殿的毀滅;也有人說(shuō)那是為了嚇走邪惡的幽靈;此時(shí)此刻,朋友們都要高喊muzel tov(走好運(yùn))以示祝福。
NOTE 注釋:
bridesmaid [5braidzmeid] n. 女儐相
page [peIdV] n. (婚禮中)新娘的侍童 (= page boy)
hieroglyphic [7haiErE5^lifik] n. 象形文字
opt [Cpt] vi. 選擇
thrash [WrAF] vt. 打(谷), (用棍、鞭等)痛打
christen [5krisn] v. 命名為
chuppah [`hJpE] n. (猶太教舉行婚禮上用的)彩棚,(不包括慶賀活動(dòng)的)結(jié)婚儀式,婚儀
velvet [5velvit] n. 天鵝絨