冠狀病毒如何傳播:對(duì)著你的臉咳嗽…或者親吻你的臉頰?

冠狀病毒如何傳播:對(duì)著你的臉咳嗽…或者親吻你的臉頰?

Keep your distance. And don't kiss.

保持距離。別接吻。

Those are two pieces of advice that could be crucial in reducing the spread of coronavirus.

這兩條建議可能對(duì)減少冠狀病毒的傳播至關(guān)重要。

Public health officials say the spread has been mainly driven through people spending time indoors with others who have the disease.

公共衛(wèi)生官員說(shuō)，傳播的主要原因是人們?cè)谑覂?nèi)與其他患病者呆在一起。

"Looks like the main driver is not widespread community infection — looks like it's household level infection," Dr. Bruce Aylward, a senior adviser to the World Health Organization, said at a press conference in Geneva on February 25.

2月25日，世界衛(wèi)生組織高級(jí)顧問(wèn)布魯斯·艾爾沃德博士在日內(nèi)瓦舉行的記者招待會(huì)上說(shuō)：“看起來(lái)主要的驅(qū)動(dòng)力并不是廣泛的社區(qū)感染，而是家庭感染。”。

Indeed, data from China's cases shows that most of the spread is happening among family who live together.

事實(shí)上，來(lái)自中國(guó)病例的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，這種傳播主要發(fā)生在一起生活的家庭中。

Perhaps the reason that the virus spreads among family members is the way people become infected. "The main mode of transmission is respiratory droplets" that can be produced by speaking and coughing, says Dr. Adam Lauring, associate professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Michigan. "These droplets then can find their way into the mouths, noses of other people nearby."

也許病毒在家庭成員之間傳播的原因是人們被感染的方式。”密歇根大學(xué)微生物學(xué)和免疫學(xué)副教授亞當(dāng)·勞林博士說(shuō)，主要的傳播方式是呼吸道飛沫，“它可以通過(guò)說(shuō)話和咳嗽產(chǎn)生。”然后這些液滴會(huì)進(jìn)入附近其他人的嘴巴、鼻子。”

Researchers aren't sure how long droplets of COVID-19 coronavirus remain infectious on phones, but similar coronaviruses can survive on surfaces for a few hours up to a few days, depending on the environment, says WHO.

世衛(wèi)組織說(shuō)，研究人員不確定COVID-19冠狀病毒液滴在手機(jī)上的傳染性能維持多久，但類(lèi)似的冠狀病毒能在手機(jī)表面存活幾個(gè)小時(shí)到幾天，這取決于環(huán)境。

WHO says that social distancing measures, as when China extended the national lunar new year holiday to keep people from traveling or working, closed offices and canceled public transportation, have helped slow the transmission of the disease there.

世衛(wèi)組織說(shuō)，中國(guó)延長(zhǎng)農(nóng)歷新年假期以阻止人們旅行或工作，關(guān)閉辦公室并取消公共交通等社會(huì)疏離措施有助于減緩疾病在中國(guó)的傳播。

Such steps could be effective in other countries, including the U.S., where the virus is spreading in some communities.

這些措施可能在其他國(guó)家有效，包括在某些社區(qū)傳播病毒的美國(guó)。

Researchers looking back on prior outbreaks, such as the 1957 pandemic flu and the 2003 SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) epidemic, found that public health policies that kept people from gathering in public spaces — such as closing schools and canceling big events — helped slow the spread of disease.

研究人員回顧了先前的疫情，如1957年的流感大流行和2003年的SARS(嚴(yán)重急性呼吸系統(tǒng)綜合癥)疫情，發(fā)現(xiàn)阻止人們聚集在公共場(chǎng)所的公共衛(wèi)生政策，如關(guān)閉學(xué)校和取消大型活動(dòng)，有助于減緩疾病的傳播。

In the current outbreak, the evidence for the way the coronavirus has spread comes from analyzing case clusters in China. Findings were published on February 28 in a report fromf the World Health Organization-China joint mission.

在目前的疫情中，冠狀病毒傳播方式的證據(jù)來(lái)自對(duì)中國(guó)病例群的分析。世界衛(wèi)生組織中國(guó)聯(lián)合代表團(tuán)2月28日發(fā)表了一份報(bào)告。

In mid-February, a team of international experts visited areas in China hard-hit by the coronavirus. The mission was co-led by Aylward and Wannian Liang, head of the expert panel for China's National Health Commission.

2月中旬，一個(gè)國(guó)際專(zhuān)家小組訪問(wèn)了中國(guó)受冠狀病毒重創(chuàng)的地區(qū)。此次調(diào)查由艾爾沃德和中國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生委員會(huì)專(zhuān)家組組長(zhǎng)梁萬(wàn)年共同領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。

The team toured hospitals, health clinics and community centers to determine how the coronavirus is spreading in China.

研究小組走訪了醫(yī)院、診所和社區(qū)中心，以確定冠狀病毒是如何在中國(guó)傳播的。

Aylward says the pattern of family spread could be a big reason for China's apparent success in slowing the spread of the virus. Once one member of a family is infected, it's usually easy to find other family members who may have had close contact, then put them in quarantine for 14 days.

艾爾沃德說(shuō)，家庭傳播模式可能是中國(guó)在減緩病毒傳播方面取得明顯成功的一個(gè)重要原因。一旦一個(gè)家庭成員被感染，通常很容易找到其他可能有過(guò)密切接觸的家庭成員，然后將他們隔離14天。

Data from China's government shows that their coronavirus infection rates peaked in late January and have declined ever since.

來(lái)自中國(guó)政府的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，他們的冠狀病毒感染率在1月下旬達(dá)到頂峰，此后一直在下降。

Keep air circulating. Dispersing droplets can keep you from getting a hefty, infectious dose. Open a window, turn on a fan.

保持空氣流通。分散飛沫可以防止你受到大量的傳染量。打開(kāi)窗戶，打開(kāi)電扇。

Use a humidifier.Staying moist prevents the protective membrane in your nose from drying out, and mid-range humidity seems to cause some viruses to decay faster.

使用加濕器。保持濕度可以防止你鼻子里的保護(hù)膜變干，中檔的濕度似乎也會(huì)導(dǎo)致一些病毒衰減得更快。

Clean surfaces: Household disinfectants, like bleach and alcohol-based cleaners, can kill the virus on tables, phones and other surfaces you regularly touch.

清潔表面：家用消毒劑，如漂白劑和酒精清潔劑，可以殺死你經(jīng)常接觸的桌子、電話和其他表面上的病毒。

Don't share a cup. Don't share eating utensils. Don't share a toothbrush. In fact, don't share anything that comes in direct contact with your mouth or nose.

不要共用一個(gè)杯子。不要共用餐具。不要共用牙刷。事實(shí)上，不要分享任何與你的嘴或鼻子直接接觸的東西。

And of course, wash your hands: Use soap and water (or a hand sanitizer that's 60% alcohol) and make sure you wash all the nooks and crannies.

當(dāng)然，洗手:使用肥皂和水(或60%酒精含量的洗手液)，并確保清洗所有的角落和縫隙。