長(zhǎng)得不好看？可能是因?yàn)槟愕拿譀](méi)取好

Researchers led by Dr Ruth Mayo and PhD candidate Yonat Zwebner at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem examined whether a person's appearance can be influenced by their given name.

耶路撒冷希伯來(lái)大學(xué)的博士Ruth Mayo和博士候選人Yonat Zwebner帶領(lǐng)研究人員研究了一個(gè)人的外表是否會(huì)受到名字的影響。

To do this, they recruited independent observers and showed them color headshot photographs of complete strangers. Then they presented a list of names to the observers and asked them to choose the stranger's real name based on his or her facial appearance.

為此，他們招募了獨(dú)立觀察員，并向觀察員們展示完全陌生的彩色人物頭像照片。觀察員被要求根據(jù)照片中人物的樣貌，從名單中選擇出陌生人的真實(shí)名字。

Beat the odds of correctly guessing a person's name

In a series of studies (now reported in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology), the observers repeatedly beat the odds of correctly identifying a person's name based on their facial appearance alone.

在《人格與社會(huì)心理學(xué)》雜志所刊載的一系列研究中，觀察員只依據(jù)面部表現(xiàn)來(lái)識(shí)別名字的正確率多次超過(guò)理論上的概率值。

For example, upon looking at the face and considering four possible names — Jacob, Dan, Josef or Nathaniel — observers correctly chose "Dan" 38 percent of the time, significantly above the 25 percent chance level of a random guess.

例如，觀察員觀察面部，并在四個(gè)可能的名字(Jacob、Dan、Josef、Nathaniel)中做出選擇。觀察員在38%的情況下能夠選出正確答案Dan，明顯高于隨機(jī)猜測(cè)的25%的概率。

This effect held true even when the researchers controlled for age and ethnicity.

即使研究員控制了年齡和民族這兩個(gè)因素，上述結(jié)果依然成立。

"Our research demonstrates that indeed people do look like their name," said Dr Ruth Mayo, senior lecturer in the Department of Psychology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "Furthermore, we suggest this happens because of a process of self-fulfilling prophecy, as we become what other people expect us to become."

希伯來(lái)大學(xué)的高級(jí)講師Ruth Mayo博士稱，“我們的研究表明，人們確實(shí)看起來(lái)像自己的名字。此外，我們認(rèn)為其原因在于自我應(yīng)驗(yàn)預(yù)言，因?yàn)槲覀儠?huì)成為他人期待我們成為的人。”

Name stereotypes

Supporting the notion of a self-fulfilling prophecy, the researchers found that observers beat the odds of correctly guessing a person's name even when they were only allowed to see their hairstyle. This suggests that people may choose the hairstyle that fits a stereotype associated with their name.

研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)支持自我應(yīng)驗(yàn)預(yù)言概念。當(dāng)觀察員只能通過(guò)發(fā)型猜測(cè)人名時(shí)，猜出人名的實(shí)際正確率依然高于理論上的概率值。這表明人們可能會(huì)選擇符合其名字刻板印象的發(fā)型。

The researchers confirmed that observers in a second country and culture were also able to beat the odds. However while observers were good at matching faces to names in their own culture, they were not good at doing so in a foreign culture. This supports the idea that name stereotypes are important when matching faces with names.

研究人員證實(shí)，來(lái)自另一個(gè)國(guó)家和文化的觀察員猜出人名的實(shí)際正確率也能高于理論概率值。雖然觀察員們善于將面孔與自己文化中的名字正確匹配，但他們并不善于在異國(guó)文化中這樣做。這證明了名字的刻板印象在面孔與名字配對(duì)時(shí)很重要。

The researchers also found that observers are less good at guessing the given name of people who use a nickname exclusively. This indicates that a person's appearance is affected by their name only if they use it, and not if it simply appears on a birth certificate.

研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)，觀察員不太能猜對(duì)那些只使用昵稱的人的真實(shí)名字。這表明一個(gè)人的外表只有在他使用真實(shí)名字時(shí)才受其影響;如果他的真實(shí)名字只是出現(xiàn)在出生證明上(生活中并不使用)，那么他的外表并不會(huì)被名字所影響。

In one study, the researchers completely removed the human factor from the matching process.

在一項(xiàng)研究中，研究人員完全剔除了人為因素對(duì)配對(duì)過(guò)程造成的影響。

Using a computerized paradigm, they found that computers were able to beat the odds when asked to choose the correct name for 94,000 different faces. This further supports the idea that our faces contain relevant information related to our names.

研究人員使用計(jì)算機(jī)模型進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)從94000張不同面孔中選出正確名字的實(shí)際幾率高于理論概率值。這進(jìn)一步支持了長(zhǎng)相包含與名字相關(guān)的信息這一看法。

"We are familiar with similar processes from other stereotypes like race and gender, where many times the stereotypical expectations of others affect who we become. We hypothesize that there are similar stereotypes about names, including how someone with a specific name looks, and these expectations really do affect our facial appearance," said Dr Mayo from the Hebrew University.

Mayo博士表示：“我們對(duì)種族、性別等刻板印象的形成過(guò)程比較熟悉。很多時(shí)候，別人的刻板期待會(huì)影響我們成為怎樣的人。我們假設(shè)名字也存在著類似的刻板印象，其中包括：具有特定某個(gè)名字的人相貌如何、這些期望如何真實(shí)地影響我們的面部表現(xiàn)。“

Social structuring

According to the researchers, the possibility that our name can influence our look, even to a small extent, suggests the important role of social structuring in the complex interaction between the self and society.

根據(jù)研究人員的說(shuō)法，我們的名字會(huì)影響我們的外表(即使是在較小的程度上)，說(shuō)明了社會(huì)建構(gòu)在自我與社會(huì)的復(fù)雜互動(dòng)中發(fā)揮重要作用。

The research suggests that we are subject to social structuring from the minute we are born, not only by our gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, but also by the simple choice that others make in giving us our name.

研究表明，從我們出生的那一刻起，我們就不斷地受到社會(huì)建構(gòu)的影響，不僅僅是受性別、民族和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的影響，還受別人為我們?nèi)∶麜r(shí)做出的簡(jiǎn)單選擇的影響。

Future research could examine the precise nature of the mechanism leading to the emergence of this face-name matching effect, for example how a person's name matches his or her face at different stages of life.

未來(lái)的研究可能關(guān)注于導(dǎo)致面孔與名字之間的產(chǎn)生匹配效應(yīng)的機(jī)制的確切屬性，例如：一個(gè)人的名字如何在生命的不同階段與面孔相匹配。

Another question worth exploring is why some people have a very high face-name match while others have a low match.

另一個(gè)問(wèn)題值得探討得問(wèn)題是：為什么有些人的面孔和名字匹配率非常高，而另一些人的匹配率則很低。