中國(guó)控?zé)熜蝿?shì)依然嚴(yán)峻

Working at a state-run hotel in China’s Sichuan province in the 1990s, Wu Luorong recalls cigarette smoke filling the lobby, restaurants and corridors. “We couldn’t say anything even if we didn’t feel happy with people smoking in the office,” she says.

上世紀(jì)90年代在中國(guó)四川一家國(guó)營(yíng)賓館工作的吳珞榮(音)回憶起大堂、餐廳、走廊煙霧繚繞的情景。“就算我們不喜歡有人在辦公室里抽煙，也沒(méi)法說(shuō)什么，”她說(shuō)。

Now a hospital administrator, Wu, 49, says things have changed. “There is a smoking area for staff and patients’ families. Especially in the respiratory department, we tell smokers to go there,” she says.

49歲的吳珞榮如今是一家醫(yī)院的行政管理人員。她說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在不一樣了，“醫(yī)院為工作人員、病人家屬專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)了吸煙區(qū)。尤其是在呼吸科，我們會(huì)告訴煙民去吸煙區(qū)。”

China is home to some 300m smokers, more than any other country; about half of men are regular smokers. However, there is a lack of national legislation to ban smoking in workplaces. The World Health Organization estimates that a complete nationwide ban on smoking in the country’s workplaces would reduce prevalence of smoking among Chinese men by 13m, averting 6m premature deaths.

中國(guó)約有3億煙民，比其他任何一個(gè)國(guó)家都多;約一半中國(guó)男性經(jīng)常吸煙。然而，中國(guó)缺乏一項(xiàng)全國(guó)性立法來(lái)禁止在工作場(chǎng)所吸煙。世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)估計(jì)，若在全國(guó)范圍的工作場(chǎng)所全面實(shí)行禁煙，可讓中國(guó)男性煙民數(shù)量減少1300萬(wàn)名，使600萬(wàn)人避免過(guò)早死亡。

But Wu’s experience reflects a national trend: local campaigns are beginning to turn the tide against workplace smoking, experts say, even while enforcement remains uneven. The statistics are startling: more than 54 per cent of Chinese people who work indoors witnessed smoking in their workplaces in 2015, according to a government survey. But that number represents a fall from about 60 per cent in 2010.

但吳珞榮的經(jīng)歷反映了一種全國(guó)性的趨勢(shì)：據(jù)專(zhuān)家稱(chēng)，地方層面開(kāi)展的行動(dòng)開(kāi)始掀起了反對(duì)在工作場(chǎng)所吸煙的熱潮，盡管各地執(zhí)法力度參差不齊。統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)令人吃驚：一項(xiàng)政府調(diào)查顯示，2015年，中國(guó)逾54%在室內(nèi)工作的人在自己的工作場(chǎng)所見(jiàn)過(guò)有人吸煙。但2010年這個(gè)比例約為60%。

Likewise, nearly 40 per cent of people surveyed in 2015 had witnessed smoking in government buildings, and more than 35 per cent had seen smoking inside hospitals. But that was an improvement on 2010, when the figures were 55 per cent and 37 per cent respectively.

同樣，在2015年，近40%的受訪者見(jiàn)過(guò)有人在政府大樓里吸煙，逾35%的受訪者在醫(yī)院內(nèi)見(jiàn)過(guò)有人吸煙。但這比2010年的情況有所改善，那時(shí)這兩個(gè)比例分別為55%和37%。

Public health observers say that even though a national ban has been delayed — apparently because of the influence of the Chinese tobacco industry, a major source of government revenue — there has been a shift in attitudes, with greater opposition to smoking.

公共衛(wèi)生觀察人士表示，盡管全國(guó)性禁煙令被推遲出臺(tái)——顯然是受到了中國(guó)煙草業(yè)的影響，該行業(yè)是政府的一個(gè)主要稅收來(lái)源——但人們的態(tài)度已經(jīng)發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變，反對(duì)吸煙的人越來(lái)越多。

This has been driven by aggressive public health campaigns highlighting the risks of second-hand smoke, and by individual cities launching legislation aimed at reducing smoking indoors.

造成這種轉(zhuǎn)變的原因主要有兩點(diǎn)：一是有關(guān)方面大力發(fā)起了公共衛(wèi)生宣傳活動(dòng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)吸二手煙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，二是個(gè)別城市頒布了旨在減少室內(nèi)吸煙的條例。

In 2015, Beijing’s municipal authorities passed the toughest anti-smoking legislation in China’s history, making smoking in offices, restaurants, hotels and hospitals punishable with fines. Businesses that fail to rein in smoking on their premises can be fined up to Rmb10,000 ($1,530) and repeat offenders can have their licences revoked. Individual smokers can be penalised Rmb200. A hotline was set up for public complaints, and teams of inspectors were enlisted.

2015年，北京市通過(guò)了中國(guó)史上最嚴(yán)的控?zé)煑l例，規(guī)定在辦公室、餐館、酒店、醫(yī)院里吸煙將被處以罰款。對(duì)在自家營(yíng)業(yè)場(chǎng)所控?zé)煵涣Φ钠髽I(yè)最高可罰款1萬(wàn)元人民幣(合1530美元)，累犯可吊銷(xiāo)營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照。對(duì)吸煙者本人可處罰款200元人民幣。此外還開(kāi)通了一條公共投訴熱線，并組建了檢查員小組。

Many were sceptical about enforcement when the law came into effect, citing the difficulties of changing long-entrenched habits. But a year later, Bernhard Schwartländer, head of WHO China, said the enforcement had “exceeded expectations”. The city said it had collected more than Rmb1m in penalties.

當(dāng)這部控?zé)煑l例正式實(shí)施時(shí)，許多人都對(duì)其執(zhí)行效果持懷疑態(tài)度，理由是長(zhǎng)期根深蒂固的習(xí)慣很難改變。但一年后，WHO駐華代表施賀德(Bernhard Schwartländer)表示，該條例的執(zhí)行效果“超出了預(yù)期”。北京市稱(chēng)已收繳100多萬(wàn)元人民幣的罰款。

Groups of smoking workers are now a common sight huddled outside office buildings in Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai — the latter two cities having followed suit with similar laws in January and March this year.

在北京、深圳、上海的寫(xiě)字樓外，白領(lǐng)煙民三三兩兩聚在一起吸煙如今已成為常見(jiàn)一景。今年1月和3月，深圳、上海效仿北京，各自出臺(tái)了類(lèi)似的控?zé)煑l例。

“You can only smoke on the platform outside on the second floor or on the ground floor,” says Stella Sun, who works at a brokerage in the Shanghai World Financial Center, a 101-floor skyscraper in the city’s Pudong district. “There are smoke detectors everywhere in the building,” she adds.

“你只能在二層外面的露臺(tái)或一層吸煙，”Stella Sun說(shuō)，她在上海浦東101層高的上海環(huán)球金融中心(Shanghai World Financial Center)內(nèi)的一家券商工作。“大廈里到處都是煙感器，”她補(bǔ)充說(shuō)。

Dressed in a sharply ironed white shirt and naval-style hat emblazoned with China’s national emblem, sanitation inspector Zhang Jun is one of the officials tasked with enforcing the rules in Shanghai. A black satchel holding a badge and a bundle of papers for handing out fines bounces around his waist.

身穿明顯熨燙過(guò)的白色襯衫、頭戴印有中國(guó)國(guó)徽的海軍風(fēng)格的帽子，公共衛(wèi)生檢查員張軍(音)是上海市一名負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)行控?zé)煑l例的政府工作人員。一個(gè)裝有一枚徽章和一摞罰款單的黑色挎包在他腰間晃動(dòng)。

“Sanitation department, here for an inspection,” he says, flashing his badge at a receptionist in the lobby at a hospital. Zhang walks through the corridors, checking that no-smoking signs are properly displayed, sniffing the air for smoke and peering into bins for tell-tale cigarette butts.

“衛(wèi)生部門(mén)，來(lái)這里檢查，”他在醫(yī)院大廳接待處出示自己的徽章后說(shuō)道。張軍巡視走廊，檢查禁煙標(biāo)志是否正確張貼，聞一聞空氣中是否有煙味，看一看垃圾桶里有沒(méi)有煙頭。

“There were a lot of calls to the hotline at the beginning after the law went into effect,” Zhang explains. “But the number has decreased now,” he adds, attributing the drop to greater self-regulation. “Usually when a smoker sees us in our uniforms, they will put out their cigarette. In that case we will just give them a warning.”

“控?zé)煑l例剛實(shí)施的時(shí)候，很多人打熱線電話投訴，”張軍解釋說(shuō)，“但現(xiàn)在熱線電話少了。”他將這歸因于人們更加自律了。“通常一名吸煙者看到我們穿著制服過(guò)來(lái)時(shí)，他們會(huì)掐滅自己的煙。這種情況下，我們只會(huì)給他們一個(gè)警告。”

But inspectors are overstretched, with just five to cover a population of tens of thousands, Zhang says, adding that they have additional duties, such as checking water quality in swimming pools.

但張軍表示，檢查員人手太少，根本忙不過(guò)來(lái)，五個(gè)檢查員要面對(duì)數(shù)萬(wàn)煙民，而且他們還有其他職責(zé)，比如檢查游泳池水質(zhì)。

“We haven’t given out many fines since March, to be honest, because often by the time we get to a place where there has been a complaint we are too late,” says Li Yuna, another inspector.

另一名檢查員李玉娜(音)說(shuō)：“說(shuō)實(shí)話，從3月以來(lái)，我們還沒(méi)有開(kāi)出多少罰單，因?yàn)槌３Ｊ堑任覀冓s到有人投訴的地方，就已經(jīng)太晚了。”

Enforcement is even less reliable in the 20 or so other cities that have introduced various laws against indoor smoking. Shenzhen, Beijing and Shanghai have very strong laws, but we don’t see that across the whole country — it really depends on the locality,” says Kelvin Khow Chuan Heng, of the WHO’s Tobacco Free Initiative, a global programme to reduce death and disease from smoking.

在其他大約20個(gè)實(shí)施了各種室內(nèi)控?zé)煑l例的城市，就更難執(zhí)行到位了。“深圳、北京、上海有非常強(qiáng)有力的控?zé)煑l例，但全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)還不行，各地方情況不一樣，”WHO無(wú)煙草行動(dòng)(Tobacco Free Initiative)的Kelvin Khow Chuan Heng說(shuō)。無(wú)煙草行動(dòng)是一個(gè)全球性的項(xiàng)目，旨在減少吸煙引發(fā)的死亡和疾病。

“A lot of the problem with these laws is that they don’t have resources put into enforcement,” he says. “We still struggle with some venues, especially entertainment venues, karaoke bars — these are also workplaces. Those venues we definitely find much more problematic.”

“這些控?zé)煑l例的主要問(wèn)題在于缺乏強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的資源。”他表示，“我們?nèi)匀缓茈y在一些場(chǎng)所開(kāi)展執(zhí)法，尤其是娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所、卡拉OK酒吧——這些也都是工作場(chǎng)所。在這些地方，我們肯定會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)更多問(wèn)題。”

Even hospital worker Wu says that enforcement can be lax in the small city of Mianyang where she is employed. “Some doctors will smoke in non-smoking areas — like, offices — sometimes, but once the leaders come investigating, they will move to a smoking area,” she says.

甚至在醫(yī)院工作的吳珞榮都表示，在她工作的小城市綿陽(yáng)，執(zhí)法是松懈的。她說(shuō)：“有些醫(yī)生有時(shí)會(huì)在非吸煙區(qū)——比如辦公室——吸煙，但一有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)來(lái)視察，他們就會(huì)跑到吸煙區(qū)。”

State-owned tobacco companies remain an influential group, hindering efforts to introduce a national smoking ban. A draft law circulated last year was watered down, public health observers say, allowing for “smoking rooms” in offices.

國(guó)有煙草公司仍然很有影響力，阻礙著出臺(tái)全國(guó)性禁煙條例的努力。公共衛(wèi)生觀察人士表示，去年流傳的一部法律草案被“摻水”，允許在辦公樓里設(shè)置“吸煙室”。

Some initiatives by individual companies have helped. Internet giant Baidu committed to smoke-free office environments in 2011, thereby protecting the health of some 40,000 employees.

個(gè)別公司的一些舉措也有幫助?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)巨頭百度(Baidu)已在2011年承諾打造無(wú)煙辦公環(huán)境，從而保護(hù)其約4萬(wàn)名員工的健康。

Chinese and US health authorities launched a joint initiative in 2012 to promote smoke-free workplaces in China. The programme to educate the public and promote cessation services at workplaces follows earlier efforts that have also targeted workplaces. “One thing is legislation and the other implementation. What an enterprise can contribute is vital,” said Wang Ke’an, head of the Research Center for Health Development, a think-tank and one of the Chinese groups involved.

2012年，中美兩國(guó)的衛(wèi)生部門(mén)聯(lián)合發(fā)起了一項(xiàng)倡議，在中國(guó)推廣無(wú)煙工作場(chǎng)所。這個(gè)旨在教育公眾、推動(dòng)工作場(chǎng)所戒煙服務(wù)的計(jì)劃并非首開(kāi)先河，之前就有過(guò)一些以工作場(chǎng)所為目標(biāo)的舉措。“一方面是立法，另一方面是執(zhí)行。一家企業(yè)能做出什么貢獻(xiàn)至關(guān)重要，”參與該倡議的新探健康發(fā)展研究中心(ThinkTank Research Center for Health Development)的王克安主任說(shuō)。

There is also space for bottom-up pressure from employees. Newspaper illustrator Zhao Liang says his attempts to give up smoking were hampered by colleagues who have turned parts of the workplace into a “smoking centre”. “If I quit smoking, I won’t be able to tolerate anyone smoking in my office ever again,” he adds.

來(lái)自員工自下而上的壓力也可以起到作用。報(bào)紙插畫(huà)家趙亮(音)表示，他想過(guò)戒煙，但受阻于周?chē)耐聜?，他們把辦公場(chǎng)所的一些地方變成了“吸煙中心”。“如果我戒了，我就再也不能容忍任何人在我的辦公室抽煙了，”他說(shuō)。

Additional reporting by Wang Xueqiao

Wang Xueqiao補(bǔ)充報(bào)道