美國(guó)揚(yáng)言要拿涉朝中資銀行開刀

The Trump administration has warned China that the US will target Chinese banks unless Beijing takes much stronger measures to impose economic pain on North Korea by reducing trade and financial transactions with Pyongyang.

特朗普(Trump)政府告誡中國(guó)，除非北京方面通過減少與平壤方面的貿(mào)易和金融往來，采取更強(qiáng)有力的措施給朝鮮制造經(jīng)濟(jì)上的困難，否則美國(guó)將把中國(guó)的銀行視作制裁目標(biāo)。

Marshall Billingslea, a top Treasury official, told Congress on Tuesday that the US had not seen sufficient evidence that China was willing to curb North Korean revenue flows and “expunge North Korean illicit actors” from its banking system. He said the Trump administration would continue to work with China to maximise pressure on North Korea, but stressed that the US “will not hesitate to act unilaterally”.

美國(guó)財(cái)政部高級(jí)官員馬歇爾•比林斯利(Marshall Billingslea)周二告訴國(guó)會(huì)，美國(guó)沒有看到足夠證據(jù)證明，中國(guó)愿意限制朝鮮的收入和從中國(guó)銀行體系中“剔除朝鮮非法行為者”。他表示，特朗普政府將繼續(xù)與中國(guó)合作，最大限度對(duì)朝鮮施壓，但他也強(qiáng)調(diào)“美國(guó)將毫不猶豫地展開單邊行動(dòng)”。

His remarks followed the UN Security Council’s vote on Monday to impose another round of sanctions on Pyongyang. China and Russia backed the effort after the US agreed to dilute a proposal to ban all exports of refined petroleum exports to North Korea.

他的發(fā)言是在聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)(UN Security Council)周一表決通過對(duì)朝實(shí)施新一輪制裁之后做出的。在美國(guó)同意弱化一項(xiàng)禁止向朝鮮出口一切精煉石油產(chǎn)品的提議之后，制裁贏得了中國(guó)和俄羅斯的支持。

Donald Trump on Tuesday described the latest UN sanctions as “a very small step” that were “not a big deal”. He added that while it was nice to get a unanimous vote, “those sanctions are nothing compared to ultimately what will have to happen”.

唐納德•特朗普(Donald Trump)周二表示，最新一輪聯(lián)合國(guó)對(duì)朝制裁是“非常小的一步”，“不是什么大不了的事情”。他補(bǔ)充道，盡管制裁獲得全票通過很棒，“這些制裁與最終將要發(fā)生的事情相比不值一提”。

In recent months, the US has pushed through two rounds of tough sanctions on Pyongyang, but also targeted Chinese companies, such as Bank of Dandong, for engaging in actions that help North Korea further its nuclear weapons programme.

近幾個(gè)月，美國(guó)已推動(dòng)聯(lián)合國(guó)通過了兩輪對(duì)朝鮮的嚴(yán)厲制裁，但美國(guó)還把矛頭對(duì)準(zhǔn)了一些中國(guó)公司，比如丹東銀行(Bank of Dandong)，理由是這些公司所從事的業(yè)務(wù)會(huì)幫助朝鮮進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)其核武計(jì)劃。

“If China wishes to avoid future measures, such as those imposed on Bank of Dandong or the various companies sanctioned for illegal trade practices . . . it urgently needs to take demonstrable public steps to eliminate North Korea’s trade and financial access,” Mr Billingslea told the House foreign affairs committee.

“如果中國(guó)希望避免美國(guó)未來再采取措施，比如美國(guó)對(duì)丹東銀行或各種因非法貿(mào)易行為而遭制裁的公司采取的舉措……中國(guó)迫切需要采取可見的公開行動(dòng)來斷絕朝鮮的貿(mào)易和金融往來渠道，”比林斯利對(duì)美國(guó)眾議院外交事務(wù)委員會(huì)(House foreign affairs committee)說。

While the UN resolution was not as tough as the US wanted following North Korea’s recent nuclear test, Nikki Haley, US ambassador to the UN, said 90 per cent of North Korean exports were now banned. Experts were divided over the impact of the sanctions, with some saying the cumulative measures were tougher than anything before, while others questioned whether they would have the desired impact of convincing Kim Jong Un, the North Korean leader, to rein in his nuclear programme.

盡管聯(lián)合國(guó)針對(duì)朝鮮最新核試驗(yàn)出臺(tái)的決議不如美國(guó)所希望的那么強(qiáng)硬，但美國(guó)駐聯(lián)合國(guó)大使尼基•黑利(Nikki Haley)表示，目前朝鮮90%的出口都遭到禁止。對(duì)于制裁的效果，專家們存在意見分歧，一些人表示強(qiáng)度日漸加大的舉措要比以往任何時(shí)候都有力，其他人則質(zhì)疑這些舉措是否能達(dá)到說服朝鮮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人金正恩(Kim Jong Un)停止其核武計(jì)劃的預(yù)期效果。

Bruce Klingner, a former CIA North Korea analyst, said the combination of UN and US actions this year showed that Washington was moving away from measures that punished violators and “moving towards economic warfare” in the way Washington had targeted Iran. US officials have argued that such a path is critical to warding off any future pre-emptive strike to knock out a North Korean ICBM, or a broader “preventive” war that would aim to destroy all of North Korea’s nuclear capabilities.

曾任美國(guó)中央情報(bào)局(CIA)朝鮮事務(wù)分析師的布魯斯•克林納(Bruce Klingner)稱，今年聯(lián)合國(guó)與美國(guó)采取的行動(dòng)表明，美國(guó)已從對(duì)違規(guī)者采取懲罰措施“轉(zhuǎn)向經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)”，這種戰(zhàn)略美國(guó)曾針對(duì)伊朗實(shí)施過。美國(guó)官員稱，采取這條路線意義重大，它可以防止未來需要發(fā)起先發(fā)制人的打擊以搗毀朝鮮某枚洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈，或是需要發(fā)起一場(chǎng)更廣泛的“預(yù)防性戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”來摧毀朝鮮所有的核能力。

Evans Revere, a North Korea expert and former US diplomat, welcomed the fact that the UN voted unanimously and included new measures, such as a cap on oil exports, but said they were insufficient. “It is yet another attempt to rely on an incremental approach on sanctions that has been shown over the years to be inadequate,” he said. “Incrementalism won’t convince North Korea to end its nuclear and missile programs. Pyongyang knows well how to contend with such upticks in sanctions.”

朝鮮問題專家、前美國(guó)外交官李維亞(Evans Revere)對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)一致通過最新制裁并采取包括限制對(duì)朝石油出口等一系列新措施表示歡迎，但稱這些措施仍不充分。“這又是想依賴逐漸加大力度的制裁方法的一個(gè)嘗試，這種方法多年來已被證明是不夠的，”李維亞說。“漸進(jìn)路線不會(huì)令朝鮮終止其核武器與導(dǎo)彈計(jì)劃。平壤方面很清楚如何應(yīng)對(duì)制裁升級(jí)。”

Diplomats and experts said the US push for tougher sanctions had been blocked by China and Russia. One diplomat said the discussions were “primarily a China-America negotiation” because China accounts for 90 per cent of trade with North Korea.

外交官和專家表示，美國(guó)推動(dòng)采取更嚴(yán)厲制裁的努力受到中俄的阻撓。一位外交官稱，談判“主要是中美間的商談”，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)占朝鮮對(duì)外貿(mào)易90%的份額。

While the US circulated the first draft publicly to put pressure on other countries, it ultimately watered down some proposals, such as a ban on all oil exports, a ban on hiring North Korean workers and calls for forced maritime inspections. The first draft designated nine vessels for breaking sanctions but later dropped them in favour of consensual inspections of any vessel suspected of being in breach.

雖然為了向其他國(guó)家施加壓力，美國(guó)公布了第一份對(duì)朝決議草案，但有些提議最終被折中，例如全面禁止對(duì)朝出口石油、禁止雇用朝鮮工人并要求強(qiáng)制檢查一切疑似違規(guī)船只。第一份草案認(rèn)定9艘船只違反了制裁措施，但后來撤銷了對(duì)它們的指控，同意對(duì)任何涉嫌違反規(guī)定的船只進(jìn)行自愿檢查。

Mr Billingslea said Pyongyang had lessened the impact of sanctions because of weak implementation in the past. The US has become concerned, for example, that North Korean trade with Russia has risen this year, helping to ease the pain from falling trade with China.

比林斯利稱，由于過去對(duì)朝制裁措施執(zhí)行不力，導(dǎo)致這些措施的效應(yīng)打了折扣。例如，美國(guó)已經(jīng)關(guān)注到，今年朝鮮與俄羅斯之間的貿(mào)易額增長(zhǎng)了，緩解了其與中國(guó)貿(mào)易額下降的痛苦。

“Russian companies continue to provide support to North Korea,” he said, adding that North Korean bank representatives “operate in Russia in flagrant disregard of the very resolutions adopted by Russia at the UN”.

他說：“俄羅斯企業(yè)繼續(xù)向朝鮮提供支持。”比林斯利補(bǔ)充道，朝鮮的銀行代表們“還在俄羅斯開展業(yè)務(wù)，公然無視俄羅斯在聯(lián)合國(guó)支持的決議”。

Kent Boydston of the Peterson Institute for International Economics said sanctions had not had a material impact on North Korea. “The big question is how much foreign reserves do they have . . . we don’t know. They have been able to weather sanctions’ storms and there hasn’t been a noticeable effort on the economy.”

彼得森國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所(Peterson Institute for International Economics)分析師肯特•博伊茲頓(Kent Boydston)表示，這些制裁對(duì)朝鮮沒有實(shí)質(zhì)性影響。“重要的問題是他們有多少外匯儲(chǔ)備……我們不清楚。他們已能經(jīng)得住制裁的風(fēng)暴，并且也未見其在經(jīng)濟(jì)上采取了任何顯著舉措。”