美國航天局模擬在火星上種土豆
秘魯?shù)耐炼鼓芙?jīng)受住考驗(yàn)嗎?
That's the question scientists will be asking in Limanext month, when a selection of tubers will beginundergoing tests to determine whether they're fit togrow on Mars.
這是下個(gè)月科學(xué)家將要在秘魯首都利馬問的一個(gè)問題，屆時(shí)，經(jīng)過精心挑選的土豆塊莖將接受測(cè)試，以確定它們能否在火星上種植。
NASA, the US space agency, is conducting the pioneering experiment together with Lima'sInternational Potato Center (CIP).
美國航天局(NASA)將與利馬國際馬鈴薯中心(CIP)聯(lián)手，進(jìn)行這一開創(chuàng)性實(shí)驗(yàn)。
They will cultivate a hundred selected varieties already subjected to rigorous evaluation inextreme, Mars-like conditions that could eventually pave the way to building a dome on theRed Planet for farming the vegetable.
他們將對(duì)100種精心挑選的、已在類火星極端環(huán)境下嚴(yán)格評(píng)估的品種進(jìn)行培育，而這最終將為人們?cè)谶@顆紅色星球上建立蔬菜種植“大棚”鋪平道路。
The selection was made from a total of 4,500 varieties registered at CIP, a nonprofit researchfacility that aims to reduce poverty and achieve food security.
國際馬鈴薯中心是一個(gè)致力于削減貧困、保證糧食安全的非營利研究機(jī)構(gòu)。這些土豆是從在國際馬鈴薯中心登記注冊(cè)的4500個(gè)品種中挑選出來的。
Of the selected candidates, 40 are native to the Andes Mountains, conditioned to grow indifferent ecological zones, withstand sudden climate changes and reproduce in rocky, aridterrain.
在獲選土豆中，有40種是安第斯山脈土生土長(zhǎng)的品種。這些品種可在不同生態(tài)地區(qū)生長(zhǎng)、對(duì)氣候的突然變化具有耐受性，并可在多巖石的干旱土壤中生長(zhǎng)繁育。
The other 60 are genetically modified varieties able to survive with little water and salt. Theyare also immune to viruses.
另外60種土豆均為轉(zhuǎn)基因品種，能夠在缺水和低鈉的環(huán)境中生存。此外，這些品種還對(duì)病毒免疫。
Those that pass the tests must meet a final criterion—they must be able not only to grow wellon Mars but also reproduce in large quantities.
這些品種最終必須達(dá)到一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：不僅能在火星上茁壯生長(zhǎng)，而且還能被大量繁育。
"We're almost 100 percent certain that many of the selected potatoes will past the tests," saidJulio Valdivia Silva, a Peruvian NASA astrobiologist who is taking part in the ambitious project.
參與美國航天局此項(xiàng)宏偉計(jì)劃的秘魯裔太空生物學(xué)家胡里奧·瓦爾迪維亞·席爾瓦說：“精選出來的土豆中，將會(huì)有不少品種通過測(cè)試，對(duì)此我們有百分百的把握。”
The scientists hope the experiment will also help address the earthly scourges of hunger andmalnutrition by identifying varieties suited to growing in harsh conditions.
科學(xué)家還希望通過該實(shí)驗(yàn)找出適合在嚴(yán)酷環(huán)境下生長(zhǎng)的土豆種類，來幫助解決地球人口饑餓和營養(yǎng)不良的難題。
"We must be prepared for the future," said virologist Jan Kreuze, a scientist at CIP. "Torespond to desertification, rising temperature and high salt content in the soil."
“我們必須為未來做準(zhǔn)備”，國際馬鈴薯中心的科學(xué)家揚(yáng)·克魯茲說。“準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)對(duì)沙漠化、氣候變暖和高鹽分的土壤。”
Vegetable of the future
未來的蔬菜
The soil in La Joya Pampas—a sector of the Atacama Desert in southern Peru that's consideredone of the driest places on earth—is very similar to that found on the Red Planet.
位于秘魯南部阿塔卡馬沙漠的潘帕斯德拉霍亞地區(qū)被認(rèn)為是地球上最干旱的地方之一，那里的土壤與人們?cè)诨鹦巧习l(fā)現(xiàn)的非常相似。
The scientists plan to transport 200 pounds (100 kilos) of it to a CIP laboratory in Lima thatwill simulate the complex Martian atmosphere -- which contains mostly carbon dioxide—andexpose it to extreme ultraviolet radiation.
科學(xué)家計(jì)劃將大約200磅(100千克)土壤運(yùn)送到利馬國際馬鈴薯中心的實(shí)驗(yàn)室中。在那里，他們將模擬火星上二氧化碳居多的復(fù)雜大氣環(huán)境，并將土壤暴露在極端紫外線照射中。
"We'll have more concrete results in one or two years, Valdivia said, adding that it will takemore than five years to launch an unmanned mission to Mars.
瓦爾迪維亞說：“未來一兩年內(nèi)，我們會(huì)得出實(shí)驗(yàn)的具體結(jié)果。我們還將花至少五年的時(shí)間向火星發(fā)射無人探測(cè)器。”
The potential future space crop is also one of the oldest.
土豆這種未來極有可能占領(lǐng)太空的作物，也是地球上最古老的作物之一。
Records of potato cultivation date back to 2500 BC, when the indigenous Aymara Indiansfarmed it in modern-day Peru and Bolivia.
種植土豆的記載可以追溯到公元前2500年，那時(shí)勤勞的艾馬拉族印第安人就在現(xiàn)在的秘魯和玻利維亞種植土豆了。
If the varieties selected for next month's experiment don't adapt to the desert soil, theresearchers will introduce nutrients and subject them to radiation.
下個(gè)月，這些選出的土豆品種將參與實(shí)驗(yàn)。如果這些土豆不能適應(yīng)沙漠土壤，那么研究人員將對(duì)它們施以養(yǎng)分并將其置于紫外線照射下。
"If that doesn't work," Valdivia said, "we'll administer a new method the CIP is using calledaeroponics."
瓦爾迪維亞說：“如果還是不行的話，我們會(huì)采用國際馬鈴薯中心使用的一種名叫‘氣栽’的新方法。”
The technique, used for cultivating plants without soil, would expose roots inside a sphere orcube that is sprayed with nutrients and contains a system for removing toxins.
這是一種無土種植技術(shù)：將植物的根部置于球體或立方體容器中。容器中原本已噴灑了營養(yǎng)劑，并內(nèi)置了一套去除毒素的機(jī)制。
In future years, NASA plans to build a Mars research center in the Peruvian desert.
未來，美國航天局還計(jì)劃在秘魯沙漠中建造一座火星研究中心。
It would create a perfect replica of the Martian landscape and atmosphere for future researchinto space farming that could serve manned missions to Mars and other planets in the solarsystem.
該研究中心將逼真還原火星的地貌和大氣狀況，以供未來太空種植研究之用。太空種植將為探測(cè)火星等其他太陽系行星的載人任務(wù)提供補(bǔ)給。
