20美元上的美國(guó)民主故事

Should Jackson Stay on the $20 Bill?

20美元上的美國(guó)民主故事

WASHINGTON —IN 1928 the Treasury Department issued the first $20 bill featuring Andrew Jackson, replacing Grover Cleveland. After almost a century, Jackson needs to step aside — and this time, the bill should feature John Ross, a Cherokee leader and Old Hickory’s opponent in a fight to control Indian land.

華盛頓——1928年，美國(guó)財(cái)政部(Treasury Department)首次發(fā)行印有安德魯·杰克遜(Andrew Jackson)頭像的面值為20美元的紙幣——原來(lái)的是格羅弗·克利夫蘭(Grover Cleveland)。在將近一個(gè)世紀(jì)之后，杰克遜得讓位了。這次將換成切諾基族領(lǐng)袖約翰·羅斯(John Ross)的頭像，他在一場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)奪印第安土地控制權(quán)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中與“老核桃樹”(Old Hickory，杰克遜的綽號(hào)。——譯注)為敵。

Jackson infamously won that fight, but used methods that stained his country’s honor. Ross lost, but only after resisting for over 20 years. Placing Ross on the $20 bill would bring a measure of symbolic justice to a seminal episode of American history.

杰克遜不光彩地贏了這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，他使用的手段是美國(guó)榮譽(yù)的一個(gè)污點(diǎn)。羅斯失敗了，但是是在頑強(qiáng)抵抗20年之后。在面值為20美元的紙幣上印刷羅斯的頭像，將象征性地為美國(guó)歷史上一個(gè)重要事件主持公道。

This is hardly the first proposal to change the $20 bill. Calls to replace Jackson, a slave owner, with an American Indian or an African-American are common; this year a brilliant campaign to put a woman on the $20 bill has gained traction. We should be adding diverse figures to our money. But we should do this without losing sight of the incredible era the $20 bill now represents: America’s formative years between the Revolution and the Civil War.

這遠(yuǎn)非第一個(gè)改變20美元鈔票頭像的提議。時(shí)常有人提出用美洲印第安人和非裔美國(guó)人的頭像替換奴隸主杰克遜;今年有人發(fā)起了一場(chǎng)非常妙的活動(dòng)，要求將20美元紙幣的頭像換成女性，引來(lái)不少關(guān)注。但我們這么做時(shí)，不應(yīng)該忽略20美元紙幣現(xiàn)在所代表的不可思議的時(shí)代：獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之間的時(shí)間是美國(guó)的成形期。

It was an era of nation building, and Jackson was a nation builder. Before running for president, he was a soldier, whose exploits changed the map of the United States. Alabama could not become a state until after he crushed the Creek Nation, which owned most of it. Florida belonged to Spain until after he invaded it.

那是一個(gè)締造國(guó)家的時(shí)代，杰克遜是一名國(guó)家締造者。在參加總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選之前，他是一名戰(zhàn)士，他的開拓行動(dòng)改變了美國(guó)的版圖。在他鎮(zhèn)壓克里克族印第安人之后，亞拉巴馬成為美國(guó)的一個(gè)州，這里的大部分領(lǐng)土原本由克里克族印第安人控制。佛羅里達(dá)州原本屬于西班牙，直到他侵占了這部分領(lǐng)土。

The trouble lies in how Jackson made the country we inherited. His troops massacred Indians. He coerced Native Americans into surrendering land through unjust treaties. In 1830, President Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, supporting a policy to push all natives west of the Mississippi. One result was the Trail of Tears in 1838, when 13,000 Cherokees left their homeland in the Appalachians. Another was a war against Florida’s Seminoles, lasting nearly as long as the war in Iraq.

問(wèn)題在于，在締造我們所繼承的這個(gè)國(guó)家的過(guò)程中，杰克遜使用的手段。他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的軍隊(duì)屠殺印第安人。他迫使美洲原住民接受不平等條約，交出領(lǐng)土。 1830年，杰克遜簽署《印第安人遷移法》(Indian Removal Act)，支持將所有原住民遷往密西西比河以西的政策。一個(gè)結(jié)果是迫使1.3萬(wàn)名切諾基族人在1938年走上血淚之路，被迫離開了阿巴拉契亞山的家園。另一個(gè)結(jié)果就是導(dǎo)致與佛羅里達(dá)州塞米諾爾人開戰(zhàn)，這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的持續(xù)時(shí)間幾乎與伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)一樣長(zhǎng)。

The story is even worse than is generally known. Jackson and his friends obtained slices of Cherokee real estate for personal profit, and colonized the land with lucrative cotton plantations worked by slaves.

這個(gè)故事實(shí)際上比通常聽到的版本還要糟糕。杰克遜和他的朋友將切諾基族人的部分土地占為己有，將它們變?yōu)槊藁ǚN植園謀取利益，并役使奴隸耕種。

What redeems this as an American story is the resistance of John Ross. A Cherokee of mixed race, Ross navigated between cultures in a way that feels familiar today. As a young man he fought in Jackson’s army. Later he became Jackson’s antagonist, rejecting his efforts to capture the Cherokee homeland in north Georgia and surrounding states.

約翰·羅斯的反抗，是對(duì)這個(gè)美國(guó)故事的一種救贖。作為一個(gè)混血的切諾基族人，羅斯以一種今人所熟悉的方式在不同的文化間穿越。年輕時(shí)期，他曾是杰克遜軍隊(duì)的一員。后來(lái)，他成為杰克遜的敵人，反抗杰克遜在喬治亞州北部及周邊各州奪取切諾基族人土地的行動(dòng)。

Determined to adapt to white civilization, Cherokees embraced white styles of clothing and agriculture. Some, including Ross, also took up slavery. (There are few saints in this tale.) The ultimate adaptation came in 1828, when Ross was chosen as principal chief under a new constitution modeled on that of the United States. Ross’s government started a newspaper, publishing exposés of the Cherokees’ white antagonists. He worked with white allies, including women. Cherokees even sued, asking the Supreme Court to recognize their right to govern their land.

切諾基族人決定適應(yīng)白人文明，接受了白人的衣著風(fēng)格和農(nóng)業(yè)。包括羅斯在內(nèi)的一些人開始采用奴隸制。(這個(gè)故事中沒(méi)圣人)。1828年，根據(jù)以美國(guó)憲法為摹本制定的新憲法，羅斯當(dāng)選邦部首領(lǐng)，這是對(duì)白人文明的全盤接受。羅斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的政府開辦了報(bào)紙，揭露切諾基族人的白人對(duì)手。他與白人聯(lián)盟合作，包括女性。切諾基族人甚至提出控告，要求美國(guó)最高法院(Supreme Court)承認(rèn)他們擁有管治自己土地的權(quán)利。

A ruling in their favor was ignored. But Cherokees were more than mere victims. They enriched our democratic tradition. Ross wanted the Cherokee Nation to become a territory or state within the Union — which it did, in a way, generations later as part of Oklahoma.

一項(xiàng)對(duì)他們有利的裁決遭到了無(wú)視。但切諾基族人不單單只是受害者。他們豐富了我們的民主傳統(tǒng)。羅斯希望切諾基族成為聯(lián)邦內(nèi)的一個(gè)區(qū)域或一個(gè)州，幾代人之后，這部分領(lǐng)土確實(shí)成為俄克拉何馬州的一部分。

Ross deserves a prominent place on our currency. But that doesn’t mean Jackson should go completely. He should remain on the $20 bill, but on the flip side — because there’s a flip side of the story.

羅斯有資格成為貨幣頭像。但這并不意味著杰克遜應(yīng)該完全消失。他的頭像應(yīng)該留在20美元紙幣上，但應(yīng)該在另一面——因?yàn)楣适逻€有另一面。

Jackson, too, enriched our democratic tradition. Orphaned in youth, this son of poor Scots-Irish immigrants started life with almost nothing. His election as president was a landmark: No one from such a modest background had ever risen so high in America.

杰克遜同樣也豐富了我們的民主傳統(tǒng)。他的父母是有蘇格蘭和愛(ài)爾蘭血統(tǒng)的貧窮移民，年少時(shí)便成了孤兒的他開始時(shí)幾乎一無(wú)所有。他當(dāng)選為總統(tǒng)是一座里程碑：在當(dāng)時(shí)的美國(guó)，從未有出身如此卑微的人上升到那么高的地位。

He won the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812, blocking British invaders with an army of white frontiersmen, black militia troops, Gulf Coast pirates and Indians. Given Jackson’s greed for Indian real estate, it is startling to read an 1817 letter in which he insisted his Cherokee troops receive pay and benefits equal to those of white soldiers.

他贏得了1812年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的新奧爾良戰(zhàn)役，用一支由白人拓荒者、黑人民兵力量、墨西哥灣沿岸地區(qū)的海盜和印第安人組成的軍隊(duì)，攔下了英國(guó)入侵者?？紤]到杰克遜對(duì)印第安人房產(chǎn)和地產(chǎn)的貪婪，讀到他在1817年的一封信時(shí)會(huì)讓人感到吃驚。杰克遜在信中堅(jiān)持要求，自己帶領(lǐng)下的切洛基士兵領(lǐng)取和白人士兵相同的工資和福利。

Given that he bought and sold human beings, it is equally strange that he played a role in slavery’s eventual demise. He prevented the Union from fracturing during his stormy presidency, and his fortitude set an example. Decades later, as Abraham Lincoln strained to save the Union during the Civil War, a portrait of Jackson hung on his wall.

考慮到他曾買賣人口，杰克遜在奴隸制的最終滅亡中所起的作用，也同樣讓人感到奇怪。他在自己沖突不斷的總統(tǒng)任期內(nèi)阻止了聯(lián)邦的分裂，并且他的堅(jiān)韌也樹立了榜樣。幾十年后，當(dāng)亞伯拉罕·林肯(Abraham Lincoln)在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間竭力挽救聯(lián)邦時(shí)，他的一面墻上就掛著一幅杰克遜的畫像。

A $20 bill with Ross and Jackson would set a pattern for other bills. Each denomination should feature two different people who together tell a story, illustrating our democratic experience.

在面值20美元的紙幣上同時(shí)印上羅斯和杰克遜的頭像，會(huì)為其他紙幣樹立典范。各種面額的紙幣都應(yīng)該印上兩個(gè)不同的人的頭像，他們一起講述著同一個(gè)故事，闡釋著我們的民主經(jīng)歷。

Lincoln could share the $5 bill with Frederick Douglass, the escaped slave who prodded him to move faster to end slavery. Ulysses S. Grant could share the $50 bill with Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose antislavery novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” did as much to start the Civil War as Grant’s armies did to end it.

面值5美元的紙幣上，除了林肯還可以印上弗雷德里克·道格拉斯(Frederick Douglass)的頭像。作為一名逃跑的奴隸，道格拉斯促使林肯加快行動(dòng)以結(jié)束奴隸制。尤利西斯·S·格蘭特(Ulysses S. Grant)可以和哈麗特·比徹·斯托(Harriet Beecher Stowe)一同出現(xiàn)在面值50美元的紙幣上。斯托的反奴隸制小說(shuō)《湯姆叔叔的小屋》(Uncle Tom’s Cabin)對(duì)發(fā)起內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的意義，與格蘭特領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的軍隊(duì)對(duì)結(jié)束內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的意義相當(dāng)。

Pairings can even clear space for new stories. Four of today’s seven bills feature founding fathers. Pair the founders on two bills — Washington and Franklin, Hamilton and Jefferson. (The latter pair clashed viciously over federal versus state power, a conflict that still animates our politics.) Two bills will then be available for more recent figures. Imagine a civil rights-era bill with Rosa Parks and Cesar Chavez.

配對(duì)甚至還能為新故事創(chuàng)造出空間。在當(dāng)下七種面值的紙幣上，有四種印的是開國(guó)先賢?？梢宰屗麄儍蓛沙霈F(xiàn)在兩種紙幣上——華盛頓和富蘭克林一起，漢密爾頓和杰斐遜一起。(后面這一對(duì)在聯(lián)邦權(quán)力和州權(quán)力的問(wèn)題上交鋒激烈，這個(gè)沖突現(xiàn)在依然讓我們的政壇充滿活力。)這樣，剩下的兩種紙幣就可以印上距今更近的人物頭像了。想象一下，羅莎·帕克斯(Rosa Parks)和塞薩爾·查韋斯(Cesar Chavez)出現(xiàn)在一張反映民權(quán)時(shí)代的紙幣上。