零基礎(chǔ)學(xué)英語(yǔ)：快速掌握語(yǔ)法的12個(gè)小貼士

我們一直在不斷的學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，為什么呢?因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)法知識(shí)是用英語(yǔ)交流的基礎(chǔ)。

1. Memorize 3 Fundamental Capitalization Rules

記住三個(gè)基礎(chǔ)的大寫(xiě)規(guī)則

The first word in a sentence. You should always capitalize the first word in a sentence regardless of what type of word it is.

大寫(xiě)句子里的首字母。不管句子里的第一個(gè)單詞屬于什么類(lèi)別，都要大寫(xiě)其首字母。

Proper nouns (names). These include the names of people, places, days and months, companies, etc. For example: Matthew, Helen, France, Tokyo, Mississippi, Saturday, January…

專(zhuān)有名詞首字母大寫(xiě)。包括：人物的名字，地點(diǎn)，日期，月份，公司等。例如：馬修，海倫，法國(guó)，東京，密西西比州，星期六，一月等….

Honorifics and titles, as well as their abbreviations. Mr., Mrs., Miss, Doctor (Dr.), President, Lord, etc.

大寫(xiě)敬語(yǔ)及頭銜的首字母。例如：先生，夫人，小姐，醫(yī)生，主席，公爵等。

2. I and Me Aren’t Interchangeable

I和Me是不可互換的

I and me are’t interchangeable. They are used in different grammatical constructions. I is a pronoun that serves as a subject of a sentence. For example, Matthew and I went for a walk, both I and Matthew are subjects of the sentence while went is the verb. Me is a pronoun that serves as an object of a sentence. Me is needed when someone else is performing the action.

I和 Me是不可互換的,它們用于不同的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。I 是一個(gè)代詞，是一個(gè)句子里的主語(yǔ)。例如：馬修和我出去散步，這里I 和Matthew 都是句子里的主語(yǔ)，而went是一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。Me是一個(gè)代詞，作為句子里的賓語(yǔ)。當(dāng)其他人需要執(zhí)行某個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)就需要使用me。

To use the example above: Matthew took me for a walk. Matthew is the subject and me is the object in the sentence. Knowing your subjects and objects will help you use these types of pronouns flawlessly!

使用上面的例子：馬修和我一起出去散步。Matthew是句子里的主語(yǔ)，me是句子里的賓語(yǔ)。明確你的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)會(huì)幫助你無(wú)誤地使用這些介詞。

3. Be Careful When Using Your and You’re

小心使用Your和You’re

This is probably the most common mistake on the internet today! Your and you’re sound absolutely the same, but they have very different meanings and uses.

這可能是今天網(wǎng)絡(luò)上最常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤!Your和You’re的讀音聽(tīng)起來(lái)完全一樣，但是它們的意義和用法完全不同。

Your is a possessive determiner that attributes something to you:

Your是一個(gè)物主限定詞，用來(lái)限定屬于你的東西。

Your work is impressive!

你的工作簡(jiǎn)直令人欽佩!

You’re is a contraction of you are:

You’re 是you are的縮寫(xiě)。

You’re a very successful writer. (You are a very successful writer.)

你是一個(gè)非常成功的作家。(你是一個(gè)非常成功的作家。)

Mistakes happen when possessive pronouns are confused with verb contractions, even among native English speakers. Often, you may see phrases like your wrong (instead of you’re wrong), you’re sister (instead of your sister), etc. These are grammatical errors. They’re easy to avoid. Don’t repeat them!

物主代詞和動(dòng)詞縮寫(xiě)混淆的錯(cuò)誤經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，即使是本族語(yǔ)使用者也常犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤。通常情況下，你經(jīng)常會(huì)看到y(tǒng)our wrong(而不是you’re wrong)，you’re sister(而不是your sister)等。這些都是語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，很容易避免，所以不要重復(fù)犯錯(cuò)!

4. Be Careful When Using Their, They’re and There

小心使用Their, They’re 和 There

這是代詞，縮寫(xiě)以及副詞混淆的一個(gè)例子。Let’s analyze each of the words in question.下面讓我們?cè)诰唧w的例子中分析每一個(gè)詞。

Their is a possessive determiner. When using their, you indicate that something belongs to them. For example, Their car has broken down.

Their 是一個(gè)物主代詞。當(dāng)使用their的時(shí)候，你的意思就是某物是屬于他們的。例如，他們的車(chē)壞了。

They’re is a contraction of they are. For example, If they’re not coming, I’m leaving early. (If they are not coming, I’m leaving early.)

They’re是 they are 的縮寫(xiě)。例如，如果他們不來(lái)，我就早點(diǎn)離開(kāi)。(如果他們不來(lái)，我就早點(diǎn)離開(kāi)。)

There is an adverb indicating a location of something. For example, Your keys are over there, on the table.

There 是一個(gè)副詞，說(shuō)明某物的地點(diǎn)。例如，你的鑰匙在那，在書(shū)桌上。

Once you understand the difference between these three words, you won’t make a mistake like their nice (instead of they’re nice) or there dog (instead of their dog) ever again!

一旦你理解了這三個(gè)詞之間的差別，你就不會(huì)犯類(lèi)似的錯(cuò)誤，例如，their nice(而不是they’re nice)或者there dog(而不是their dog)!

5. There’s a Subtle Difference Between Must and Have To

Must 與Have To有細(xì)微的差別

Modal verbs in English serve to indicate possibility, obligation and more. The most common examples of modal verbs include can, may, must, will and shall. Must is the one indicating an obligation or a necessity to do something.

英語(yǔ)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用來(lái)說(shuō)明可能性，義務(wù)或者其他。最常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞包括can, may, must, will和shall。Must是用來(lái)說(shuō)明義務(wù)以及做某事的必要性。

I must wake up early to catch a morning train.

我必須早點(diǎn)起來(lái)去趕早車(chē)。

However, we could also say:

然而，我們也可以說(shuō)：

I have to wake up early to catch a morning train.

我不得不早點(diǎn)起來(lái)去趕早車(chē)。

語(yǔ)法上來(lái)說(shuō)，他們都對(duì)，但是有什么細(xì)微的區(qū)別嗎?有!

The difference between must and have to is subtle. Both refer to an obligation, but must indicates an opinion or suggestion. Have to is an expression of a more objective obligation coming from an outside force.

Must與have to之間的差別是細(xì)微的。兩者都指義務(wù)，但是must是指意見(jiàn)或者建議。Have to指來(lái)自于外部世界的客觀義務(wù)。

因此說(shuō)某個(gè)人必須做她的家庭作業(yè)是你的意見(jiàn)。說(shuō)她不得不做她的家庭作業(yè)代表著她必須這樣做。在非正式的場(chǎng)合must和have to不可互換。在正式一點(diǎn)的場(chǎng)合，熟知must和have to的區(qū)別你就可以把它們區(qū)分開(kāi)。

6. Always Check for Subject and Verb Agreement

時(shí)常檢查主謂是否一致

One of the most basic grammar rules in English states that the subject of the sentence has to agree with its verb. To approach fluency in English, it’s crucial to understand subject-verb agreement. The subject of a sentence can be either singular or plural, which will determine what form the verb takes.

英語(yǔ)中最基本的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則就是句子的主語(yǔ)必須要和謂語(yǔ)一致。為了流利地使用英語(yǔ)，了解主謂一致是至關(guān)重要的。句子的主語(yǔ)可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定了它的謂語(yǔ)要采取何種形式。

For example:

例如：

She likes pizza.

她喜歡披薩。

They like burgers.

他們喜歡披薩。

But what happens when a sentence gets more complicated?

但是如果一個(gè)句子更加復(fù)雜該怎么辦呢

When there’s more than one subject connected by and, it’s a compound subject that requires a plural.

當(dāng)句子中存在由and連接的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，那么這就是一個(gè)復(fù)合主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需要用復(fù)數(shù)。

Lily and Tom want to order pizza. (They want to order pizza.)

莉莉和湯姆想要點(diǎn)披薩。(他們想要點(diǎn)披薩。)

But here’s where things get really complicated. Sometimes the subject is accompanied by an additional piece of information that follows along with, together with, as well as, such as and more. These don’t change the subject into a compound subject and don’t require a plural verb.

但是這里我們要說(shuō)明的才是真正復(fù)雜的。有時(shí)，主語(yǔ)后會(huì)伴隨額外的信息，由along with, together with, as well as, such as 或者其他的詞連接。這種情況下不需要把主語(yǔ)看成是復(fù)合主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也不需要是用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

Lily, just like Tom, wants to order pizza. (She wants to order pizza. So does Tom.)

莉莉想要點(diǎn)一份披薩，湯姆也是。

I, together with Matthew, am going for a walk. (I am going for a walk. Matthew is going with me.)

我要去散步，馬修和我一起。

Note that this a slightly awkward sentence, and using a compound subject like Matthew and I would be preferable here.

注意這個(gè)句子有一點(diǎn)歧義，使用復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)Matthew and I 會(huì)好一些。

A book, along with a few cards and pencils, was on the table. (A book was on the table. There were also a few cards and pencils.)

書(shū)在桌子上，桌子上還有一些卡片和鉛筆。

Notice how these sentence elements provide additional information that can be safely removed. The sentence would be less informative, but still grammatically correct.

注意句子中提到的一些附加信息可以被移除。雖然這樣句子可能不那么富有信息性，但是語(yǔ)法是卻是正確的。

A simple way to check for subject and verb agreement is to replace the subject with an appropriate pronoun, like we did in the first sentence above.

這里有一個(gè)驗(yàn)證主謂是否一致的簡(jiǎn)單方法，可以用一個(gè)合適的代詞來(lái)替換主語(yǔ)，就像我們?cè)诘谝粋€(gè)句子里做的一樣。

Lily, just like Tom, wants to order pizza. (She wants to order pizza.)

莉莉想要點(diǎn)一份披薩，湯姆也是。(她想要一份披薩。)

Lily and Tom want to order pizza. (They want to order pizza.)

莉莉和湯姆想要點(diǎn)一份披薩。(他們想要點(diǎn)一份披薩。)

If the sentence still makes sense, your subject and your verb are in agreement!

這樣做，如果句子仍舊有意義，那么你所使用的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)就是一致的。

7. Mix It Up with Active and Passive Voice

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)混合在一起

In many English sentences, the subject is the one performing the action described by the verb of the sentence. This is called “active voice.”

在許多英文的句子里，句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。這就是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

While the children played a game in the backyard, their dad prepared dinner.

孩子們?cè)诤笤和嬗螒虻臅r(shí)候，他們的爸爸在準(zhǔn)備晚飯。

In other instances, the subject is being acted upon. Someone else is performing the action! This is “passive voice.”

在其他的情況下，主語(yǔ)是被執(zhí)行者，其他人在完成這個(gè)動(dòng)作。這就是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

While a game was played by the kids, dinner was prepared by their dad.

孩子們?cè)诤笤和嬗螒虻臅r(shí)候，他們的爸爸在準(zhǔn)備晚飯。

This sentence also has two clauses, and both of them are written in the passive voice: the game was played (by the kids) while dinner was prepared (by their dad).

句子由兩部分組成，兩部分都包含著被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：游戲由孩子們來(lái)玩，晚飯由爸爸來(lái)做。

While it’s recommended to use passive voice sparingly, you should know how to recognize and use both active and passive voices.

我們推薦偶爾使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但是你應(yīng)該明白如何讓辨認(rèn)并且使用主被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

A good mix of active and passive verbs will make your English, especially written English, varied and colorful. Don’t be afraid of combinations!

同時(shí)使用主被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)尤其是你的書(shū)面英語(yǔ)富有變化且多彩。要勇敢地把主被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)合在一起使用。

8. For Collective Nouns, Context Is Everything

對(duì)于集合名詞，語(yǔ)境決定一切

Sometimes, a singular noun represents a group of people or a collection of things. Should it take a singular or a plural verb? Is family singular or plural? Is government plural or singular? How about crowd or flock? These types of nouns are known as collective nouns. You’ll treat them differently depending on context.

有時(shí)候，一個(gè)單數(shù)的名詞代表著很多人或者很多事物。那么這種情況下，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該采取單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)呢?family是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)呢?government是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)呢?crowd和flock呢?這類(lèi)名詞被叫做集合名詞。對(duì)待這類(lèi)詞應(yīng)該視語(yǔ)境而定。

First, consider whether you’re operating in British English or American English. In American English, collective nouns typically take a singular verb. For example:

首先，要考慮你正在處理的是英式英語(yǔ)還是美式英語(yǔ)。在美式英語(yǔ)中，集合名詞的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。例如：

My family loves me a lot.

我的家人很愛(ài)我。

The American government is voting on this issue today.

美國(guó)政府今天將就這個(gè)問(wèn)題投票。

There are two important exceptions that you’re likely to encounter in casual conversation: police and people. Police and people always take a plural verb.

在日常的交流中，你還會(huì)遇到兩個(gè)重要的特殊集合名詞：police和people。police和people的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常才用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

The Boston Police make reports on the matter.

波士頓警察正在就這個(gè)問(wèn)題作報(bào)告。

People are starting to wonder what’s going on.

人們想知道發(fā)生了什么。

However, in British English, collective nouns may take a singular or a plural verb, depending on the rest of the sentence. If the collective noun represents a group acting as one unit, it takes a singular verb. If the collective noun stands for several individuals or things acting independently, it takes a plural verb. For example:

然而，在英式英語(yǔ)中，集合名詞的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞既可以采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，也可以采用單數(shù)形式，這要視句子中的其他成分而定。如果集合名詞代表一群人但卻以一個(gè)整體出現(xiàn)，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。如果集合名詞代表幾個(gè)個(gè)體或者一些事物以單獨(dú)的形式出現(xiàn)，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

My family are all coming to the wedding. (“Family” stands for several different people who’ll arrive at the wedding, not necessarily together.)

我的家人都來(lái)參加婚禮了。(family代表不同的人，他們將來(lái)參加婚禮，但是不是必須同時(shí)到達(dá)。)

The staff disagree on the deadline for the project. (The staff are employees who have different opinions about the project deadline.)

員工們對(duì)于這個(gè)方案的最后期限意見(jiàn)不統(tǒng)一。(staff是不同的雇員，他們對(duì)于方案的最后期限有著不同的看法。)

9. Always Use Complete Sentences, Not Sentence Fragments

使用完整的句子而不是句子片段

The most basic sentence in English has two elements: a subject and a verb.

英語(yǔ)中最基本的句子有兩個(gè)成分：主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。

She sings.

她唱歌。

I write.

我寫(xiě)作。

Having a subject and a verb is the minimum requirement for English sentences. If either of those is missing, the sentence isn’t complete. Sentence fragments shouldn’t be used alone.

在一個(gè)英文句子中，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是最基本的存在。兩者中的任何一個(gè)丟失，句子都不是完整的。句子片段不能夠單獨(dú)使用。

Make it a rule for yourself to always write in complete sentences. Check if there’s a subject and a verb in your sentence. If not, insert one! Connecting sentence fragments into more complex sentences will make your English speech and English writing correct and varied.

寫(xiě)完整的句子應(yīng)該成為你為自己制定的規(guī)則。寫(xiě)好之后要檢查句子里是否有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。如果沒(méi)有，要補(bǔ)充上。把句子片段連接起來(lái)組成更加完整的句子會(huì)使你的英文演講和英文寫(xiě)作富有變化且正確。

10. Learn Some Question Tags to Simplify Your Life

使用反義疑問(wèn)句使生活更加簡(jiǎn)單

You know those short questions that sometimes get added to the end of a sentence, don’t you? These are called question tags, and they’re neat, aren’t they? They can make your life easier, especially in an English conversation, because they allow you to easily turn statements into yes or no questions.

你認(rèn)識(shí)那些放在句尾短的疑問(wèn)句吧，是不是?他們被稱(chēng)作反義疑問(wèn)句，這些句子很簡(jiǎn)潔，不是嘛?使用他們能夠使生活更加簡(jiǎn)單，尤其是在使用英語(yǔ)交流的時(shí)候，因?yàn)樗麄兡軌虬涯愕年愂龊苋菀椎霓D(zhuǎn)化成帶有yes或者no的問(wèn)題。

The rule for forming a question tag is simple: if the main verb of the sentence is positive, the question tag takes its negative form. If the main verb of the sentence is negative (has “not” in it), the question tag takes its positive form. A question tag will always conform to the main verb of the sentence.

反義疑問(wèn)句的使用規(guī)則很簡(jiǎn)單：如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是肯定的，那么反義疑問(wèn)句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用否定的形式。如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否定的(句子中含有not),反義疑問(wèn)句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就采用肯定的形式。反義疑問(wèn)句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與逐句地謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一致。

She forgot her lunch, didn’t she? or She didn’t forget her lunch, did she?

她忘記吃午飯了不是嘛?或者她沒(méi)有忘記吃午飯，是嘛?

However, here’s another thing to remember: if the main verb of the sentence is “I am,” the question tag that corresponds is “aren’t I.”

這里我們還需要記住另一個(gè)規(guī)則：如果主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是“I am”,那么反義疑問(wèn)句相應(yīng)的形式就應(yīng)該是“aren’t I ”。

I am going to have to change my plans, aren’t I?

我不得不改變我的計(jì)劃，不是嘛?

If you don’t feel like using a contraction to form a negative question tag, be careful with the placement of “not.”

如果你不想使用縮寫(xiě)形式的反義疑問(wèn)句，要額外注意not的位置。

She forgot her lunch, did she not?

她沒(méi)有忘記吃午餐。不是嘛?

11. Feel Free to Use Dangling Prepositions

自如地使用懸垂介詞

Whenever a preposition gets separated from its object in the sentence (or when it doesn’t have an object at all), it becomes a dangling preposition.

當(dāng)介詞在句子中與它的賓語(yǔ)分開(kāi)使用時(shí)(或者它根本就沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)時(shí))，它就變成了懸垂介詞。

Whom are you talking to?

你在跟誰(shuí)說(shuō)話?

You can come downstairs; there’s nothing to be afraid of.

你可以下樓，沒(méi)什么可害怕的。

You may encounter native English speakers who believe it’s incorrect to end a sentence with a preposition. However, dangling prepositions aren’t a grammatical error.

你可能會(huì)遇到一個(gè)以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人，他認(rèn)為以介詞結(jié)束一個(gè)句子是錯(cuò)誤的。然而，懸垂介詞在語(yǔ)法上并不是錯(cuò)誤的。

Actually, avoiding dangling prepositions may result in some awkward sentences!

事實(shí)上，不把懸垂介詞至于句尾還會(huì)引起句子的歧義。

For example:

例如：

To whom are you talking?

你在跟誰(shuí)說(shuō)話?

You can come downstairs; there’s nothing of which to be afraid.

你可以下樓，沒(méi)有什么好害怕的。

These sentences are correct, but not very desirable. As long as you understand dangling prepositions and their grammatical rules, feel free to use them!

這些句子雖然是正確的，但是說(shuō)法卻不是非常可取。只要你知道懸垂介詞并且明白他們的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，請(qǐng)自如地使用他們。

12. But Be Careful with Dangling Participles in Complex Sentences

在復(fù)雜句中小心使用懸垂分詞。

Participles are often used to introduce a subordinate clause in a sentence.

在句子中，分詞用來(lái)引出一個(gè)從屬的句子。

Doing my homework, I noticed that a few of my notes were missing.

做家庭作業(yè)的時(shí)候，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的幾個(gè)紙條不見(jiàn)了。

That little girl, having dropped her ice cream, is crying uncontrollably.

那個(gè)女孩的冰淇淋掉了，她正在嚎啕大哭。

在這些例子里。分詞通常與主語(yǔ)相關(guān)。他們描述主語(yǔ)執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作或者說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。

上述的例子還可以開(kāi)改寫(xiě)成這樣，他們的意思是相同的：

While I was doing my homework, I noticed that a few of my notes were missing.

當(dāng)我正在做家庭作業(yè)的時(shí)候，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的紙條不見(jiàn)了。

That little girl has dropped her ice cream and is crying uncontrollably.

那個(gè)小女孩把她的冰淇淋弄掉了，她正在嚎啕大哭。

Dangling participles can cause problems for English learners; they can make it easier to forget or confuse the subject-participle relationship. A very common mistake many English learners make is to use a participle that doesn’t relate to the subject of the sentence.

懸垂分詞的使用對(duì)于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者而言是一個(gè)大問(wèn)題;他們會(huì)常常使我們忘記或者混淆主語(yǔ)與分詞之間的關(guān)系。對(duì)于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者而言一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤就是，他們使用的分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)沒(méi)有關(guān)系。

Walking to the university, the rain started to fall, so he opened his umbrella.

走去學(xué)校，開(kāi)始下雨，因此他帶了雨傘。

這個(gè)句子是錯(cuò)誤的!很明顯，是他走去學(xué)校，而不是雨。正確的說(shuō)法應(yīng)該是這樣的：

Walking to the university, he opened his umbrella, because the rain started to fall.

他帶著傘走去學(xué)校，因?yàn)橄掠炅恕?/p>

正如你所見(jiàn)，在句子中，懸垂分詞能夠引起令人困惑的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，這就反映出了你的寫(xiě)作功底有所不足。與懸垂介詞不同，我們應(yīng)該盡量避免使用懸垂分詞。

在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，你可能并不喜歡學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法，但是請(qǐng)不要灰心。一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)進(jìn)步，一次弄懂一天就可以，這樣你就會(huì)慢慢的熟練起來(lái)。在這12個(gè)語(yǔ)法小妙招里，我們列出了英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者最常犯的錯(cuò)誤。祝你好運(yùn)!