英語翻譯技巧：經(jīng)典長句翻譯

的朋友，特別是初學(xué)者，要想提高自己的翻譯能力，應(yīng)該在以下幾個(gè)方面多下功夫。

1.加強(qiáng)自身基本素養(yǎng)

所謂基本素養(yǎng)，是指翻譯者必須具備的基本條件，亦即對翻譯者的基本要求。除了應(yīng)該具有高尚的“譯德譯風(fēng)”和嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真、一絲不茍的科學(xué)態(tài)度之外，譯者必須具備三方面的素養(yǎng)，即一定的英語水平、較高的漢語修養(yǎng)和豐富的學(xué)科專業(yè)知識。量的翻譯實(shí)踐表明，這三方面的素養(yǎng)越高，越能順利地完成翻譯工作。關(guān)于英語水平，應(yīng)注意打牢基礎(chǔ)，擴(kuò)詞匯量，廣泛閱讀，最好能聽、說、讀、寫、譯五方面訓(xùn)練同時(shí)并進(jìn)，較之單攻翻譯能更快提高英語水平。在漢語修養(yǎng)方面，應(yīng)加強(qiáng)語法、邏輯、修辭等方面知識的研修，多閱讀、多些寫作、多練習(xí)修改文章。在學(xué)科專業(yè)知識方面，要努力精通本職業(yè)務(wù)，多了解相關(guān)專業(yè)知識;經(jīng)常閱覽國內(nèi)、外護(hù)理專業(yè)期刊，掌握學(xué)科發(fā)展動態(tài)。

2.在翻譯實(shí)踐中錘煉

翻譯是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的語言活動，具有很強(qiáng)的實(shí)踐性。不通過量的實(shí)踐而要提高翻譯能力，無異于想學(xué)游泳卻又不下水一樣。當(dāng)然，實(shí)踐也要講究科學(xué)性。初學(xué)者若無行家里手的指點(diǎn)，最好是先找一些難度切合自己水平且有漢語譯文的材料進(jìn)行翻譯練習(xí)。自己的譯文寫成后同人家的譯文相對照。先看看自己在理解方面是否準(zhǔn)確，其次看看自己的表達(dá)是否符合漢語的語言習(xí)慣，從中找到不足。隨著水平的提高，可找些比較簡單的本專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識方面的文章進(jìn)行翻譯，以后逐步過渡到英文護(hù)理文獻(xiàn)的翻譯。堅(jiān)持循序漸進(jìn)多翻譯多投稿，定會果實(shí)累累。在時(shí)間允許的情況下，最好能堅(jiān)持每天都多少搞點(diǎn)翻譯。隨著時(shí)間的推移，一定會有長進(jìn)。

3.向他人學(xué)習(xí)并勇于創(chuàng)新

初學(xué)翻譯的同志一方面可多讀些英漢對照類閱讀材料或有漢語注釋的英語讀物;另一方面還可根據(jù)譯文類雜志上提供的某篇譯文的原文出處去查找到相應(yīng)的原文，繼而進(jìn)行對照閱讀。通過對比分析，可以找出自己的差距，學(xué)習(xí)和吸收他人在理解原文精神和翻譯表達(dá)等方面的長處，促進(jìn)翻譯能力的提高。如果是自己選材進(jìn)行翻譯，當(dāng)遇到問題難以解決時(shí)，要虛心向他人求教。另外經(jīng)常閱讀一些有關(guān)翻譯技巧的書籍，也有助于翻譯能力的提高。與此同時(shí)，還要有敢于創(chuàng)新的精神。在翻譯過程中，既不能拘泥于別人提供的譯文，也不能受囿于以往形成的條條框框。隨著翻譯能力的不斷提高，可以根據(jù)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求去創(chuàng)造新的表現(xiàn)手法，進(jìn)一步完善翻譯工作。

綜上所述，有志于從事英文護(hù)理文獻(xiàn)翻譯的朋友，特別是初涉翻譯領(lǐng)地的青年朋友，應(yīng)不斷加強(qiáng)自身素質(zhì)修養(yǎng)，只要勇于實(shí)踐，在翻譯的田園里辛勤耕耘，翻譯能力就會不斷提高，一定能結(jié)出豐碩之果。

這些句子摘自大學(xué)英語課本，都是很好的寫作操練材料，對考生的作文

詞句規(guī)范化很有幫助。反復(fù)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯詞語，然后通過漢譯英的反復(fù)的回譯操練，直至以后英語寫作中想到相關(guān)漢語就能出現(xiàn)對應(yīng)英語表達(dá)的程度。

1. Do you often go online chatting with strangers? Everyday, millions of people, especially the young, are online chatting with friends or with strangers. 你經(jīng)常上網(wǎng)閑聊嗎?每天有數(shù)百萬人，尤其年輕人，在網(wǎng)上與網(wǎng)友或陌生人聊天。

2. The successful launch and return of the manned spacecraft Shenzhou IV is deemed both a symbol of national prestige and a sign of advanced science and technology, which will definitely contribute to the economic growth of our country. 載人航天飛機(jī)神州五號的成功發(fā)射及返回既是國家榮譽(yù)的一個(gè)象征，也是先進(jìn)的科技能力的標(biāo)志，這對我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展無疑會產(chǎn)生促進(jìn)作用。

3. We all know that China is still a developing country and its education still lags behind that of developed countries. Many young Chinese are denied chances of receiving higher education because of insufficient educational facilities. 我們都知道，中國還是一個(gè)發(fā)展中的國家，其教育水平仍然落后于發(fā)達(dá)國家。不少中國年青人由于教育設(shè)施的匱乏而得不到接受高等教育的機(jī)會。

4. They say that pride comes before a fall. In the case of both Napoleon and Hitler, they won many victories, which led them to believe that anything was possible and that nothing could stand in their way. But Russia’s icy defender proved them wrong. 人道是驕兵必?cái)?。就拿拿破侖和希特?Napoleon and Hitler)來說吧，他們所想披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無不勝，不可阻擋。但俄羅斯的冰雪戰(zhàn)士證明他們錯(cuò)了。

5. Well begun is half done, as the saying goes. It is extremely important for a job applicant to make sufficient preparations while seeking employment. From my standpoint, whether or not one has prepared adequately clearly makes a difference in (affects) his chance of success. I have a friend who is earning around 100 thousand dollars a year in a computer software company. He told me that, from his own experience, those who can decide whether an applicant could be employed prefer people who are well prepared. 常言道，好的開端是成功的一半。在求職時(shí)，求職者事先做好充分的準(zhǔn)備是非常重要的。我認(rèn)為，事先做不做準(zhǔn)備常常會影響求職者的成功機(jī)會。我有一個(gè)朋友在一家計(jì)算機(jī)軟件公司供職，年薪十萬美元左右。他根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)歷告訴我說，那些對未來雇員具有錄用決定權(quán)的人喜歡有充分準(zhǔn)備的人。

6. I consider it worthwhile trying to summarize our experience in learning English. Here I would like to make three relevant points. First, extensive reading should be taken as a priority in the learning process, because it is through reading that we get the most language input. Next, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. With an enormous store of excellent essays in our heads, we will find it much easier to express ourselves in English. Finally, it is critical that we should put what we have learnt into practice. By doing more reading, writing, listening and speaking, we will be able to accomplish the task of perfecting our English. 我認(rèn)為總結(jié)一下學(xué)習(xí)英語的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是值得一試的。這里，我想談?wù)勅齻€(gè)相關(guān)的問題。首先，大量閱讀應(yīng)被視作學(xué)習(xí)過程中的重點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲覀兪峭ㄟ^閱讀獲取最大量語言輸入的。其次，盡可能多背熟一些好文章也十分重要。大腦中儲存了大量很好的文章，我們在用英語表達(dá)自己思想的時(shí)候，就會覺得容易多了。最后，我們應(yīng)把所學(xué)到的東西用到實(shí)踐中去，這是至關(guān)重要的。通過多讀、多寫、多聽、多說，我們就能完成提高英語水平的任務(wù)。

7. Is America going to decline like other great powers (nations) in history ? The author thinks not, arguing that the type of society created in America is quite unlike any that has gone before it. Read what he has to say and see whether you agree. 美國是否會如同歷史上其他強(qiáng)國一樣走向衰亡?作者持否定態(tài)度，認(rèn)為美國創(chuàng)建的社會模式不同于任何已出現(xiàn)的社會模式。讀一讀他的觀點(diǎn)，看看你是否同意。

8. More than a decade ago, the mobile phone was a luxury for only a few, but now it is very common. The rapid spread of the mobile phone is perhaps one of the great miracles of our time. 十幾年前，手機(jī)只是少數(shù)人才能使用的奢侈品，但現(xiàn)在手機(jī)已很普遍。手機(jī)的快速普及也許是我們時(shí)代的偉大奇跡之一。

9. Some people seem easy to understand：their character appears obvious on first meeting. Appearances, however, can be deceptive. For thirty years now I have been studying my fellowmen. I don’t know very much about them. I shrug my shoulders when people tell me that their first impressions of a person are always right. I think they must have small insight or great vanity. For my own part I find that the longer I know people, the more they puzzle me. 有些人似乎容易了解：他們的個(gè)性在初次交往時(shí)就表露無遺。然而，外表可能具有欺騙性。三十年來，我一直在研究我的人類同胞，但至今了解不多。每當(dāng)有人跟我說他對一個(gè)人的首次印象向來不錯(cuò)的時(shí)候，我就聳聳肩。我想這種人不是無知，就是自大。就我而言，我覺得，認(rèn)識一個(gè)人的時(shí)間越長，就越覺得困惑。(be ignorant or self-righteous;self-centered; self-confident; self-discipline; self-educated; self-employed; self-esteem; selfish)

10. As the pace of life in today’s world grows ever faster, we seem forever on the go. With so much to do and so little time to do it in, how are we to cope? Dr. Smith sets about untangling the problem and comes up with an answer. 隨著當(dāng)今世界生活節(jié)奏日益加快，我們似乎一直在不停奔忙。事情那么多，時(shí)間卻那么少，我們該怎么辦?史密斯博士著手解決這一問題，并提出了解決方法。

11. In America many people have a romantic idea of life in the countryside. Many living in towns dream of starting up their own farm, of living off the land. Few get round to putting their dreams into practice. This is perhaps just as well, as the life of a farmer is far from easy, as Jim Doherty discovered when he set out to combine being a writer with running a farm. Nevertheless, as he explains, he has no regrets and remains enthusiastic about his decision to change his way of life. 在美國，不少人對鄉(xiāng)村生活懷有浪漫的想象，許多居住在城鎮(zhèn)的人夢想著自己辦個(gè)農(nóng)場，夢想著靠土地為生。很少有人真去把夢想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。或許這也沒有什么不好，因?yàn)?，正如吉姆多而第?dāng)初開始其寫作和農(nóng)場經(jīng)營雙重生涯時(shí)所體驗(yàn)到的那樣，農(nóng)耕生活遠(yuǎn)非輕松自在。但他寫到，自己并不后悔，對自己做出的改變生活方式的決定仍然熱情不減。

12. Professor Huntington’s paper greatly inspired me. According to him, in a plural society, there will inevitably be different opinions. The key is to deal with them in such a way that they can play a constructive rather than destructive role. He argues that in a plural society we must stress/attach importance to interpersonal relationships, cooperation, and look at issues from the perspective of other people. If some groups regard themselves as superior and treat other ethnic groups or religions with disrespect, the whole society may be paralyzed. I am convinced that if we put into practice the ideas mentioned above, then there is the possibility of creating a new civilization. Huntington教授的論文使我深受啟發(fā)。他認(rèn)為，在一個(gè)多元化(plural)社會里，不同意見是不可避免的。關(guān)鍵在于怎樣正確對待不同意見，使之發(fā)揮建設(shè)性、而非破壞性的作用。他還說，在一個(gè)多元化(plural)社會里，我們必須重視人際關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)合作，多從他人視角考慮問題。如果某些群體自視高人一籌，不尊重其他種族或宗教，那么整個(gè)社會有可能陷入癱瘓。我相信，要是我們把上述想法付諸實(shí)踐，那我們就有可能創(chuàng)造出一種新的文明。

13. Making a living as a door-to-door salesman demands a thick skin, both to protect against the weather and against constantly having the door shut in your face. Bill Porter puts up with all this and much, much more. 干挨家挨戶上門推銷這一營生得臉皮厚，這是因?yàn)楦蛇@一行不僅要經(jīng)受風(fēng)吹日曬，還要承受一次又一次的閉門羹。比爾.波特忍受著這一切，以及別的種種折磨。

14. When children take up ways of making a living that differ greatly from their parents, differences in outlook can easily arise. This is what Alfred found. Brought up in the family of a building worker, education led him to develop different interests and ambitions from his father. Here he writes about how this affected their relationship. 當(dāng)子女的謀生方式與父母大相徑庭時(shí)，很容易產(chǎn)生觀念上的差異。這正是Alfred的發(fā)現(xiàn)。他在一個(gè)建筑工人的家庭里長大，他所受的教育使他產(chǎn)生了不同于父親的興趣和抱負(fù)。他在本文中敘述了這一差異如何影響著他們的父子關(guān)系。