研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，懷孕期間和之后的抑郁和焦慮可能會損害兒童發(fā)育

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，懷孕期間和之后的抑郁和焦慮可能會損害兒童發(fā)育

A mother's depression and anxiety from conception through the first year of the baby's life is associated with negative developmental outcomes through adolescence, according to a study published Monday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics.

周一發(fā)表在《美國醫(yī)學會雜志·兒科學》上的一項研究顯示，母親從懷孕到嬰兒出生頭一年的抑郁和焦慮情緒，與孩子整個青春期的負面發(fā)展結果有關。

That could affect a lot of women: About 15% to 23% of women worldwide experience anxiety during pregnancy, while 15% deal with anxiety after childbirth. Depression through pregnancy is estimated to affect 10% of women, and 15% face postpartum depression. The burden is greater for women who are experiencing poverty or are teen parents, according to Postpartum Support International.

這可能會影響很多女性:全球大約15%至23%的女性在懷孕期間經(jīng)歷焦慮，而15%的女性在分娩后經(jīng)歷焦慮。據(jù)估計，10%的女性患有妊娠期抑郁癥，15%面臨產(chǎn)后抑郁癥。據(jù)產(chǎn)后支持國際組織稱，對于貧困婦女或未成年父母而言，這種負擔更大。

For the baby, the perinatal stage — which is defined as the time from conception through pregnancy (antenatal), birth and the first year of the baby's life (postnatal) — is "a time of unprecedented growth and sensitivity," the study said. That's when exposures and early life experiences may modify development starting from when he or she is in the womb to that critical first year as a growing child and onward.

對嬰兒來說，圍產(chǎn)期，也就是從受孕到懷孕(產(chǎn)前)、出生到嬰兒出生的第一年(產(chǎn)后)這段時間是“前所未有的發(fā)育和敏感時期，”研究稱。在這個時期，接觸的環(huán)境和早期的生活經(jīng)歷可能會改變發(fā)育，從他或她在子宮里開始到成長的關鍵第一年以及以后。

A mother experiencing depression and anxiety before and after birth was moderately linked with her child's deficits in language and cognitive and motor development in infancy.

母親在出生前和產(chǎn)后經(jīng)歷抑郁和焦慮，與她的孩子在嬰兒期的語言、認知和運動發(fā)育缺陷有一定的聯(lián)系。

All of these children were more likely to exhibit behaviors that either internalized negative feelings or targeted them toward others. These kids experienced and reacted with more negative emotions and were temperamentally difficult through adolescence as well.

所有這些孩子都更有可能表現(xiàn)出將負面情緒內(nèi)在化或針對他人的行為。這些孩子在青春期經(jīng)歷和反應了更多的負面情緒，在氣質(zhì)上也有困難。

"In light of the pandemic, these are particularly concerning results," said Dr. Denise Jamieson, chair of the department of gynecology and obstetrics at Emory University, who wasn't involved in the study. "Since risk factors for perinatal depression include life stress and lack of social support, pregnant and postpartum women may be particularly vulnerable right now.

埃默里大學婦產(chǎn)科主任丹尼斯·杰米森博士沒有參與這項研究，她說:“鑒于流行病，這些結果尤其令人擔憂。”“由于圍產(chǎn)期抑郁的風險因素包括生活壓力和缺乏社會支持，孕婦和產(chǎn)后婦女現(xiàn)在可能尤其容易受到影響。”

"These data that suggest that this poses risks not just for the mother, but also for her child, not just now but into adolescence, is a stark reminder that the indirect effects of Covid-19 may be long-lasting," Jamieson added.

杰米森補充說:“這些數(shù)據(jù)表明，這不僅對母親，而且對她的孩子，不僅對現(xiàn)在，而且對進入青春期的孩子都有風險，這是一個鮮明的提醒，Covid-19的間接影響可能是長期的。”

Researchers have conducted reviews of studies on the relationship between a woman's mental health during this time and her child's development — but they hadn't previously evaluated the long-term effects of depression and anxiety at different stages of motherhood on a range of developmental functions from infancy through adolescence, the study said.

研究人員對這段時間內(nèi)女性心理健康與孩子發(fā)育之間關系的研究進行了回顧，但他們之前沒有評估過母親不同階段抑郁和焦慮對從嬰兒期到青春期的一系列發(fā)育功能的長期影響，研究稱。

The authors of the current study analyzed the association of perinatal depression and anxiety with social-emotional, cognitive, language, motor and adaptive behavior development in their offspring from infancy up to age 18. They also examined whether the timing of depression and anxiety, type of mental illness and offspring age affected the findings.

這項研究的作者分析了圍產(chǎn)期抑郁和焦慮與她們的后代從嬰兒期到18歲的社交情緒、認知、語言、運動和適應性行為發(fā)展之間的關系。他們還研究了抑郁和焦慮的發(fā)生時間、心理疾病的類型以及后代的年齡是否會影響研究結果。

Mental health before and after birth
出生前后的心理健康

Participants included 195,751 otherwise healthy mother-child pairs from 191 studies based in the United Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands, Australia, Canada and Norway.

參與者包括來自英國、美國、荷蘭、澳大利亞、加拿大和挪威的191項研究的195,751對健康的母子。

These women had either reported their symptoms of depression and/or anxiety or had diagnoses, while later information about their children's development was also self-reported.

這些婦女要么報告了她們的抑郁和/或焦慮癥狀，要么得到了診斷，而后來關于她們孩子發(fā)展的信息也是自我報告的。

Depression and anxiety in the perinatal period had small-to-moderate associations with deficits in social-emotional behavior development through adolescence, such as peer problems, a lack of prosocial behaviors and attachment and emotional dysregulation.

圍產(chǎn)期的抑郁和焦慮與青春期的社會情緒行為發(fā)展缺陷(如同齡人問題、親社會行為缺失、依戀和情緒調(diào)節(jié)障礙)有小到中度的關聯(lián)。