演講MP3+雙語文稿:如何拯救蜜蜂

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聽力課堂TED音頻欄目主要包括TED演講的音頻MP3及中英雙語文稿，供各位英語愛好者學習使用。本文主要內容為演講MP3+雙語文稿:如何拯救蜜蜂，希望你會喜歡！

【演講者及介紹】Noah Wilson-Rich

養(yǎng)蜂人Noah Wilson-Rich創(chuàng)立了全國首屈一指的商業(yè)和住宅養(yǎng)蜂服務。利用一個定制的數(shù)字平臺來大規(guī)模收集蜜蜂健康數(shù)據(jù)，BestBees公司對拯救蜜蜂這一更大的使命產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響，并通過向授粉者打開屋頂，幫助客戶了解他們對環(huán)境的可量化影響。

【演講主題】你如何幫助拯救蜜蜂，一次只救一個蜂箱

【中英文字幕】

翻譯者 mingli wen 校對者 yiming ma

00:18

Pollinator decline is a grand challenge inthe modern world. Of the 200,000 species of pollinators, honeybees are the mostwell-understood, partly because of our long history with them dating back 8,000years ago to our cave drawings in what is now modern-day Spain. And yet we knowthat this indicator species is dying off.

授粉者減少是現(xiàn)代世界所面臨的一個巨大挑戰(zhàn)。在20萬種傳粉物種中，我們對蜜蜂最為了解，部分原因是我們人類與蜜蜂的悠長歷史可以追溯到8000年前，在如今的西班牙發(fā)現(xiàn)的洞穴壁畫中。然而，我們知道蜜蜂這一關鍵物種正面臨滅絕。

00:40

Last year alone, we lost 40 percent of allbeehives in the United States. That number is even higher in areas with harshwinters, like here in Massachusetts, where we lost 47 percent of beehives inone year alone. Can you imagine if we lost half of our people last year? And ifthose were the food-producing people? It's untenable. And I predict that in 10years, we will lose our bees. If not for the work of beekeepers replacing thesedead beehives, we would be without foods that we rely upon: fruits, vegetables,crunchy almonds and nuts, tart apples, sour lemons. Even the food that ourcattle rely upon to eat, hay and alfalfa -- gone, causing global hunger,economic collapse, a total moral crisis across earth.

僅去年一年，我們在美國境內就失去了40%的蜂巢。這個數(shù)據(jù)在嚴冬地區(qū)甚至更高，比如在馬薩諸塞州這里，我們在一年內就損失了 47%的蜂巢。你能想象如果去年人類數(shù)量減少了一半會怎樣嗎？如果這些人都是負責食品生產(chǎn)的呢？這是無法承受的狀況。我預測在10年后，蜜蜂將會滅絕。如果不是養(yǎng)蜂人替換掉這些無用的蜂巢的話，我們將失去賴以生存的食物：水果，蔬菜，松脆的杏仁和堅果，蘋果派，酸檸檬。即使是牛所依賴的食物，如干草和苜蓿，也都將消失，導致全球饑荒，經(jīng)濟崩潰，道德危機席卷全球。

01:37

Now, I first started keeping bees here inCape Cod right after I finished my doctorate in honeybee immunology.

我開始在科德角這里養(yǎng)蜂，是在我剛獲得了蜜蜂免疫學的博士學位之后。

01:43

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

01:46

(Applause)

（掌聲）

01:51

Imagine getting such a degree in a goodeconomy -- and it was 2009: the Great Recession. And I was onto something. Iknew that I could find out how to improve bee health. And so the community onCape Cod here in Provincetown was ripe for citizen science, people looking forways to get involved and to help. And so we met with people in coffee shops. Awonderful woman named Natalie got eight beehives at her home in Truro, and sheintroduced us to her friend Valerie, who let us set up 60 beehives at anabandoned tennis court on her property. And so we started testing vaccines forbees. We were starting to look at probiotics. We called it "beeyogurt" -- ways to make bees healthier. And our citizen science projectstarted to take off.

想象一下，在良好的經(jīng)濟環(huán)境下，拿到這么一個學位——那是在2009年：經(jīng)濟大蕭條時期。我要準備做點什么，我知道我可以找到改善蜂群生存狀況的方法。在普羅溫斯敦的科德角社區(qū)，公民科學的時機已經(jīng)成熟，人們都在想辦法參與并提供幫助。因此我們在咖啡店與一些人會面。一位叫娜塔莉的了不起的女士，她在特魯羅的家里有8個蜂箱，她還把我們介紹給一位叫瓦萊利的朋友，瓦萊利允許我們在她名下的一個廢棄網(wǎng)球場上搭建了60個蜂箱。于是，我們開始測試蜜蜂疫苗。我們開始研究益生菌。我們叫它“蜜蜂酸奶”——讓蜜蜂更健康的方法。我們的公民科學計劃開始啟動。

02:41

Meanwhile, back in my apartment here, I wasa bit nervous about my landlord. I figured I should tell him what we weredoing.

與此同時，回到我所住的公寓，我有點擔心房東的態(tài)度。我覺得我應該告訴他我們正在做的事情。

02:49

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

02:50

I was terrified; I really thought I wasgoing to get an eviction notice, which really was the last thing we needed,right? I must have caught him on a good day, though, because when I told himwhat we were doing and how we started our nonprofit urban beekeepinglaboratory, he said, "That's great! Let's get a beehive in the backalley." I was shocked. I was completely surprised. I mean, instead ofgetting an eviction notice, we got another data point. And in the back alley ofthis image, what you see here, this hidden beehive -- that beehive producedmore honey that first year than we have ever experienced in any beehive we hadmanaged. It shifted our research perspective forever. It changed our researchquestion away from "How do we save the dead and dying bees?" to"Where are bees doing best?" And we started to be able to put mapstogether, looking at all of these citizen science beehives from people who hadbeehives at home decks, gardens, business rooftops. We started to engage thepublic, and the more people who got these little data points, the more accurateour maps became.

我忐忑不安；我真以為會收到驅逐令，這真是我們最不想要的，對吧？我一決定要在美好的一天逮住他說話，不過當我告訴他我們在做什么以及我們是如何建立非盈利城市養(yǎng)蜂實驗室的時候，他說，“太棒了！我們在后巷也弄一個蜂箱吧?！蔽液苷痼@。我完全驚呆了。我是說，不但沒有收到驅逐令，還增加了一個數(shù)據(jù)點。在這張照片中的后巷，你在這里看到的，這個隱藏的蜂箱——那個蜂箱第一年產(chǎn)的蜜比我們管理的任何蜂箱的蜜都要多。這永遠改變了我們的研究視角。它把我們的研究問題從“如何拯救死去的和垂死的蜜蜂？”轉變成“哪里最適合蜜蜂生長？”我們開始能夠把地圖拼起來，看看所有這些公民科學家的蜂箱，從在陽臺放蜂箱的，到在花園，商業(yè)屋頂放蜂箱的。我們開始讓公眾參與進來，越多的人參與，提供越多的數(shù)據(jù)點我們的地圖就越精確。

03:50

And so when you're sitting here thinking,"How can I get involved?" you might think about a story of my friendFred, who's a commercial real estate developer. He was thinking the same thing.He was at a meeting, thinking about what he could do for tenant relations andsustainability at scale. And while he was having a tea break, he put honey intohis tea and noticed on the honey jar a message about corporate sustainabilityfrom the host company of that meeting. And it sparked an idea.

如果在座的各位正在思考，“我怎樣才能參與其中？”你可以聽一聽我朋友弗雷德的故事，他是一名商業(yè)地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商。他也在想著同樣的事情。有一天他正在開會，考慮要如何改善跟租客的關系和規(guī)?；目沙掷m(xù)性。當他在茶歇的時候，他把蜂蜜放進茶里，注意到了在蜂蜜罐上一則會議主辦方關于企業(yè)可持續(xù)性的信息。這激發(fā)了一個想法。

04:16

He came back to his office. An email, aphone call later, and -- boom! -- we went national together. We put dozens ofbeehives on the rooftops of their skyscrapers across nine cities nationwide.

他回到辦公室。發(fā)了一封電子郵件，又打了一個電話，就這么簡單——我們的計劃在他的幫助下走向了全國。我們放了幾十個蜂箱在他們摩天大樓的屋頂上，橫跨全國九個城市。

04:30

Nine years later --

九年以后——

04:31

(Applause)

（掌聲）

04:37

Nine years later, we have raised over amillion dollars for bee research. We have a thousand beehives as little datapoints across the country, 18 states and counting, where we have created payingjobs for local beekeepers, 65 of them, to manage beehives in their owncommunities, to connect with people, everyday people, who are now data pointstogether making a difference.

九年以后，我們?yōu)槊鄯溲芯炕I集了一百多萬美元的資金。我們在全國有一千個蜂箱作為小數(shù)據(jù)點，遍布18個州和郡，我們?yōu)楫數(shù)氐酿B(yǎng)蜂業(yè)創(chuàng)造了有償工作，一共有65個人得以在自己的社區(qū)管理蜂箱，積極動員普通民眾，這些民眾現(xiàn)在也成為了數(shù)據(jù)點，一起發(fā)揮作用。

05:03

So in order to explain what's actually beensaving bees, where they're thriving, I need to first tell you what's beenkilling them. The top three killers of bees are agricultural chemicals such aspesticides, herbicides, fungicides; diseases of bees, of which there are many;and habitat loss. So what we did is we looked on our maps and we identifiedareas where bees were thriving. This was mostly in cities, we found. Data arenow showing that urban beehives produce more honey than rural beehives and suburbanbeehives. Urban beehives have a longer life span than rural and suburbanbeehives, and bees in the city are more biodiverse; there are more bee speciesin urban areas.

為了說明究竟是什么拯救了蜜蜂，它們正在什么地方蓬勃發(fā)展，我首先要告訴你的是：什么殺死了它們。蜜蜂的三大殺手是農(nóng)藥，比如殺蟲劑，除草劑和殺菌劑；大量種類的疾病；以及棲息地的喪失。所以我們做的是研究地圖以及識別蜜蜂繁盛的地區(qū)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些地區(qū)大多位于城市中。目前數(shù)據(jù)顯示，城市蜂箱生產(chǎn)的蜂蜜比鄉(xiāng)村和郊區(qū)的多。城市蜂箱比鄉(xiāng)村和郊區(qū)的蜂箱壽命更長，城市蜜蜂更具有生物多樣性；城市地區(qū)的蜜蜂種類較多。

05:42

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

05:44

Right? Why is this? That was our question.So we started with these three killers of bees, and we flipped it: Which ofthese is different in the cities?

有點奇怪吧？為什么呢？ 這正是我們思考的問題。我們先研究了這三種蜜蜂殺手，并進行逆向思考：這些在城市里有哪些不同之處？

05:54

So the first one, pesticides. We partneredup with the Harvard School of Public Health. We shared our data with them. Wecollected samples from our citizen science beehives at people's homes andbusiness rooftops. We looked at pesticide levels. We thought there would beless pesticides in areas where bees are doing better. That's not the case. Sowhat we found here in our study is -- the orange bars are Boston, and wethought those bars would be the lowest, there would be the lowest levels ofpesticides. And, in fact, there are the most pesticides in cities. So thepesticide hypothesis for what's saving bees -- less pesticides in cities -- isnot it. And this is very typical of my life as a scientist. Anytime I've had ahypothesis, not only is it not supported, but the opposite is true.

第一，殺蟲劑。我們與哈佛大學公共衛(wèi)生學院合作，與他們分享了數(shù)據(jù)。我們從人們家里和商業(yè)建筑屋頂?shù)墓窨茖W蜂箱 收集了很多樣本，研究了殺蟲劑水平。我們認為，蜜蜂生長得更好的地區(qū)殺蟲劑可能會更少。但事實并非如此。我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)——橙色柱狀表示波士頓，我們以為這些柱狀代表的應該是殺蟲劑含量最低的地方。事實上，城市中殺蟲劑使用量最多。因此關于拯救蜜蜂的殺蟲劑假說——城市的殺蟲劑更少——不成立。這樣的結論對于一個科學家來說是很平常的。很多時候，我的假設不僅得不到證據(jù)支撐，反倒相反的假設才是正確的。

06:39

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

06:40

Which is still an interesting finding,right?

06:42

We moved on. The disease hypothesis. Welooked at diseases all over our beehives. And what we found in a similar studyto this one with North Carolina State is: there's no difference between diseasein bees in urban, suburban and rural areas. Diseases are everywhere; bees aresick and dying. In fact, there were more diseases of bees in cities. This wasfrom Raleigh, North Carolina. So again, my hypothesis was not supported. Theopposite was true. We're moving on.

于是我們繼續(xù)前進，提出了疾病假說。我們研究了所有蜂箱中出現(xiàn)的疾病。我們在對北卡羅來納州的類似研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)：無論是在城市，郊區(qū)，還是鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)，蜜蜂疾病都沒有表現(xiàn)出任何區(qū)別。疾病無處不在；蜜蜂都在陸續(xù)生病和死亡。事實上，城市里有更多的蜜蜂疾病。這是北卡羅來納州羅利市的照片。所以，我又得出了恰好相反的假設。我們又繼續(xù)研究。

07:08

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

07:10

The habitat hypothesis. This said thatareas where bees are thriving have a better habitat -- more flowers, right? Butwe didn't know how to test this. So I had a really interesting meeting. An ideasparked with my friend and colleague Anne Madden, fellow TED speaker. Wethought about genomics, kind of like AncestryDNA or 23andMe. Have you donethese? You spit in a tube and you find out, "I'm German!"

棲息地假說。這張圖說的是蜜蜂生命旺盛的地區(qū)，棲息地環(huán)境更好——應該有更多的花朵，對嗎？但是我們不知該 如何對這一假設進行檢驗。所以我們召開了一次有趣的會議。我與朋友兼同事安娜·麥登，她也是TED演講人，提出了這個想法。我們想到了基因組技術，比如“AncestryDNA”或者“23andMe”的那種。你們做過這種檢測嗎？就是往管子里吐痰，然后發(fā)現(xiàn)，“我是德國人（的后裔）！”

07:34

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

07:35

Well, we developed this for honey. So wehave a sample of honey and we look at all the plant DNA, and we find out,"I'm sumac!"

我們?yōu)槊鄯湟查_發(fā)了類似的技術。取一份蜂蜜樣本，比對所有植物的DNA，然后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，“這是漆樹（的花蜜）！”

07:43

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

07:44

And that's what we found here inProvincetown. So for the first time ever, I'm able to report to you what typeof honey is from right here in our own community. HoneyDNA, a genomics test.Spring honey in Provincetown is from privet. What's privet? Hedges. What's themessage? Don't trim your hedges to save the bees.

這是我們在普羅溫斯敦發(fā)現(xiàn)的。所以我們有史以來第一次可以證明哪一種蜂蜜來自我們這一社區(qū)。我們運用的是“蜂蜜DNA”，一個基因組檢測技術。普羅溫斯敦的春蜜來自于女貞【植】。什么是女貞？就是樹籬。這意味著什么？為了拯救蜜蜂，不要修剪你的籬笆。

08:03

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

08:04

I know we're getting crunchy and it'scontroversial, so before you throw your tomatoes, we'll move to the summerhoney, which is water lily honey. If you have honey from Provincetown righthere in the summer, you're eating water lily juice; in the fall, sumac honey.We're learning about our food for the first time ever. And now we're able toreport, if you need to do any city planning: What are good things to plant?What do we know the bees are going to that's good for your garden? For thefirst time ever for any community, we now know this answer.

我知道這有點尷尬，也會存在爭議，所以在你朝我扔西紅柿之前，我們來聊一聊夏蜜，即睡蓮蜜。如果你在夏天吃普羅溫斯敦的蜂蜜，你喝的就是睡蓮汁；秋天，是漆樹蜂蜜。我們有史以來第一次深入研究蜂蜜。如果你要做城市規(guī)劃，現(xiàn)在我們可以想你匯報: 種什么植物好？我們知道的關于 蜜蜂對花園的好處有哪些？ 對于任何一個社區(qū)來說，我們現(xiàn)在終于知道答案了。

08:34

What's more interesting for us is deeper inthe data. So, if you're from the Caribbean and you want to explore yourheritage, Bahamian honey is from the laurel family, cinnamon and avocadoflavors. But what's more interesting is 85 different plant species in oneteaspoon of honey. That's the measure we want, the big data. Indian honey: thatis oak. Every sample we've tested from India is oak, and that's 172 differentflavors in one taste of Indian honey. Provincetown honey goes from 116 plantsin the spring to over 200 plants in the summer. These are the numbers that weneed to test the habitat hypothesis.

對我們來說更有趣的是更深層次的數(shù)據(jù)。如果你來自加勒比海，想探索自己繼承的一片土地，巴哈馬蜜是來自月桂科【植】，含肉桂和鱷梨風味。但是更有趣的是一茶匙蜂蜜里包含85種不同的植物品種。這就是我們需要的測量方式，大數(shù)據(jù)。印度蜂蜜來自橡樹。我們測試的每一個印度樣品都是來自橡樹，一口能嘗出來印度蜂蜜里含有172種不同風味。普羅溫斯敦的蜂蜜在春天采自116種植物，夏天則超過200種植物。這是就我們需要檢驗棲息地假說的數(shù)據(jù)。

09:13

In another citizen science approach, youfind out about your food and we get some interesting data. We're finding outnow that in rural areas, there are 150 plants on average in a sample of honey.That's a measure for rural. Suburban areas, what might you think? Do they haveless or more plants in suburban areas with lawns that look nice for people butthey're terrible for pollinators? Suburbs have very low plant diversity, so ifyou have a beautiful lawn, good for you, but you can do more. You can have apatch of your lawn that's a wildflower meadow to diversify your habitat, toimprove pollinator health. Anybody can do this. Urban areas have the mosthabitat, best habitat, as you can see here: over 200 different plants. We have,for the first time ever, support for the habitat hypothesis.

在另一種公民科學方法中，你發(fā)現(xiàn)了食物的秘密，而我們也獲得了一些有趣的數(shù)據(jù)。我們現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，一種蜂蜜樣本平均含有150種植物。這是農(nóng)村地區(qū)的數(shù)據(jù)。那么郊區(qū)呢，你認為結果如何？在對民眾友好但是不利于花粉傳播的郊區(qū)草坪上采集的蜂蜜會包含多少植物？結果是郊區(qū)的植物多樣性很低，所以如果你的草坪很漂亮，很不錯，但你可以做更多的改善。你可以在草坪上開辟一片野花草地使你的棲息地多樣化，從而改善傳粉者的健康。任何人都能做到這一點。城市地區(qū)擁有最多和最好的棲息地，正如你在這里看到的：超過200種不同的植物。我們的棲息地假說有史以來第一次得到認可。

10:03

We also now know how we can work withcities. The City of Boston has eight times better habitat than its nearbysuburbs. And so when we work with governments, we can scale this. You mightthink on my tombstone, it'll say, "Here lies Noah. Plant a flower."Right? I mean -- it's exhausting after all of this. But when we scale together,when we go to governments and city planners -- like in Boston, the honey ismostly linden trees, and we say, "If a dead tree needs to be replaced,consider linden." When we take this information to governments, we can doamazing things. This is a rooftop from Fred's company. We can plant thosethings on top of rooftops worldwide to start restoring habitat and securingfood systems. We've worked with the World Bank and the presidential delegationfrom the country of Haiti. We've worked with wonderful graduate students atYale University and Ethiopia. In these countries, we can add value to theirhoney by identifying what it is, but informing the people of what to plant torestore their habitat and secure their food systems.

我們現(xiàn)在也知道該如何與城市合作。波士頓市的棲息地比周邊的郊區(qū)要優(yōu)越8倍。當我們與政府合作的時候，我們可以擴大這一規(guī)模。你可能會想，在我的墓碑上會刻著，“諾亞長眠于此。請種一朵花吧?！睂Π?？ 我是說，在經(jīng)歷了 這一切之后，我已筋疲力盡。但當我們一起擴大規(guī)模時，當我們去找政府和城市規(guī)劃者的時候——就像在波士頓，蜂蜜樹源主要是椴樹，我們會說，“如果需要替換一棵枯樹，考慮用椴樹?！碑斘覀儼堰@些信息遞交給政府，就相當于開展了一次壯舉。這是弗雷德公司的屋頂。我們可以在全世界的屋頂上種植那些植物，開始恢復棲息地，以及保障食物系統(tǒng)。我們還與世界銀行合作，以及與海地總統(tǒng)代表團合作。我們與耶魯大學以及埃塞爾比亞的優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生合作。在這些國家，我們可以通過確定蜂蜜的種類來為他們的蜂蜜增值，告訴人們該種植什么植物，從而恢復棲息地以及保障他們的食物系統(tǒng)。

11:01

But what I think is even more important iswhen we think about natural disasters. For the first time, we now know how wecan have a baseline measure of any habitat before it might be destroyed. Thinkabout your hometown. What risks does the environment pose to it? This is howwe're going to save Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. We now have a baselinemeasure of honey, honey DNA from before and after the storm. We started inHumacao. This is right where Hurricane Maria made landfall. And we know whatplants to replace and in what quantity and where by triangulating honey DNAsamples.

我認為這對應對自然災害來說更重要。有史以來，我們第一次知道如何在任何棲息地有可能被摧毀前，做基線測量?；叵胍幌履愕募亦l(xiāng)。環(huán)境面臨著哪些風險？這是瑪利亞颶風過境后，我們拯救波多黎各的方法?，F(xiàn)在我們有了蜂蜜的基線測量，颶風前后蜂蜜的DNA。我們從烏馬考市開始。這正是瑪利亞颶風登陸的地點。我們通過三角測量法分析蜂蜜的 DNA樣本，搞清了該復原哪些植物以及需要的數(shù)量和地點。

11:38

You might even think about right here, thebeautiful land that connected us, that primed us, all the citizen science tobegin with, the erosion, the winter storms that are getting more violent everyyear. What are we going to do about this, our precious land? Well, looking athoney DNA, we can see what plants are good for pollinators that have deeproots, that can secure the land, and together, everybody can participate. Andthe solution fits in a teaspoon. If your hometown might get swept away ordestroyed by a natural disaster, we now have a blueprint suspended in time forhow to restore that on Earth, or perhaps even in a greenhouse on Mars.

你可能會想，這一片連接和哺育我們的美麗大地，所有公民科學開始的地方，侵蝕，冬季風暴正在逐年惡化。我們該采取什么措施，來保護如此珍貴的土地呢？我們通過觀測蜂蜜DNA，就可以找出哪些植物的根長得很深，可以保持水土，又對授粉者有益，我們所有人都可以參與進來，一起拯救這一茶匙的蜂蜜。如果你的家鄉(xiāng)可能會被自然災害卷走或者摧毀，我們現(xiàn)在就有了一份如何在地球上，甚至在火星上的溫室里重建家園的藍圖。

12:20

I know it sounds crazy, but think aboutthis: a new Provincetown, a new hometown, a place that might be familiar that'salso good for pollinators for a stable food system, when we're thinking aboutthe future. Now, together, we know what's saving bees -- by planting diversehabitat. Now, together, we know how bees are going to save us -- by beingbarometers for environmental health, by being blueprints, sources ofinformation, little data factories suspended in time.

我明白，這聽起來太不可思議，但是想想看：在未來可能會是這樣一番景象：一個全新的普羅溫斯敦，一個全新的家鄉(xiāng)，一個似曾相識且對授粉者有利的地方，擁有穩(wěn)定的食物系統(tǒng)，團結協(xié)作讓我們懂得了如何拯救蜜蜂——通過擁有植物多樣性的棲息地。團結協(xié)作讓我們懂得了蜜蜂將如何拯救人類——通過作為環(huán)境健康的標記，作為信息源泉的藍圖，成為小數(shù)據(jù)工廠只是時間問題。

12:54

Thank you.

謝謝

12:55

(Applause)

（掌聲）