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英語修辭與寫作·13.1 四辭格的含義和形式

所屬教程:英語修辭與寫作

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2021年10月20日

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13.1 四辭格的含義和形式

13.1A Parody

1) Parody漢譯“仿擬”,“仿化”,即仿照,又變化。它通常是對人們熟知的某個諺語、格言、名句乃至文章體裁適當?shù)亍案念^換面”而構成一種頗為新奇的表達形式。例如:

Quality breeds success.

這是1993年3月間美國福特汽車公司電視廣告中的一句話,是“Familiarity breeds contempt.”的仿化。

2) 仿化所涉及的不僅是句中的某一個或幾個詞語,也可能是整個句子,甚至整篇文章。例如:

Skill and Patience will succeed where Force fails.

Necessity is the Mother of Invention.

(Aesop's Fables)

上述“Necessity is the Mother of Invention.”和“Failure is the mother of success.”以及“Failure teaches success.”這三句諺語可視作仿化的結果。

在Carroll所寫的兒童文學名著Alice in Wonderland中,有一首兒歌就是仿擬英國詩人Jane Taylor的“the Star”中的一節(jié)。試比較:

Twinkle, twinkle, little bat,

How I wonder what you're at!

Up above the world you fly

Like a teatray in the sky.

(Lewis Carrol)

Twinkle, twinkle, little star,

How I wonder what you are!

Up above the world so high,

Like a diamond in the sky!

(Jane Taylor)

13.1B Reverse

1) Reverse漢譯“序換”,是將諺語、成語中某詞語的詞序加以調(diào)換而構成的一種修辭形式。例如:

Isabel drove with Goodrich beside her. Happy, but still feeling she was casting swine before pearls, Isabel was painfully conscious of the shortcomings of the scenery; above all its literal flatness.

(L. P. Hartley)

句中casting swine before pearls是英諺cast pearls before swine的換序說法。諺語“把珍珠丟在豬前”是一句隱喻,意思是“把貴重的東西給不能欣賞的人”,序換后的意思是“很有欣賞能力的人(指伊麗莎白和古德里奇)遇上了不值一游的風景”。

2) 序換雖然只涉及諺語或成語中個別詞語的詞序,但往往引起內(nèi)容上的顯著變化,從而形成與原諺語或成語等的強烈對照。例如:

“Bennie's their son,” said Henry.

“Like son, like father, I imagine,” said Bonnefois.

(P. P.Read)

怎么英諺“有其父,必有其子”(Like father, like son)變成了“有其子,必有其父”呢?據(jù)美國作家里德在《教授的女兒》(The Professor's Daughter)中講美國參議員的兒子貝尼有一次公然指責法國人“忘恩負義”,法國人鮑涅斯十分氣憤,于是靈機一動,利用諺語的序換加以回擊,意思是“兒子這么放肆,其父肯定更不像話了。”

13.1C Anadiplosis

1) Anadiplosis漢譯“蟬聯(lián)”,是Repetition的一種形式,稱“鏈式反復”或“尾首反復”,即在后一句的開頭重復前句末尾的詞語。例如:

This unfrequented place to find some ease,

Ease to the body some, none to the mind

From restless thoughts.

(Milton)

And, more over, if you must go to the sea, it had better not have been to South End.

South End is an unhealthy place ...

(Jane Austin)

In literature, as in life, one of the fundamentals is to find, and be, one's true self. One's true self may indeed be unpleasant, ...

(Frank Laurence Lucas)

2) 蟬聯(lián)的成份富于變化,除重復前面的同樣詞語外,同源詞、同義詞語或同義分句等也可以構成鏈形反復。例如:

There had been enemies, criminals, workers — and there are rebels. These rebellious heads looked very subdued to me on their sticks.

(J. Conrad)

I heard a light sigh and then my heart stood still, stopped dead short by exulting and terrible cry, by the cry of inconceivable triumph and of unspeakable pain.

(J. Conrad)

“Oh, really?” She said, “She didn't seem to be giving you so much of a pain at Elsie's party last night, I notice. I notice you couldn't even talk to anybody else, that's how much of a pain she gave you.”

(D. Parker)

有時一項蟬聯(lián)引出另一項蟬聯(lián),一環(huán)套一環(huán),出現(xiàn)多層鏈式反復。例如:

It's the profit now, not the product. Half the time, we cheat the foreman, the foreman cheat the management, the management cheats the customers. And the customers are we.

(J. B. Priestly)

13.1D Regression

1) Regression漢譯“回環(huán)”,亦作“逆序反復”,指在一個句子或一段文字中以相反的順序重復前面的詞語。例如:

Woe to them who call evil good and good evil.

上例中的回環(huán)成分頗為工整,可以同古漢語中的“回文”相媲美?;匚氖且环N既可以順讀也可以倒讀的回環(huán),如:“人過大佛寺,寺佛大過人”。

2) 在實際使用中的回環(huán)形式相當生動活潑,一是除了上例那種音、形、義都相同的詞語外,還可以是同音、同形異義詞或同音、異形異義詞,等;二是除了上例那種工整的依次回環(huán)形式外,大量的還是采用錯綜詞序,或者換詞、增減詞等方式。例如:

It is better to make friends fast than to make fast friends.

We can make young people grown and grown people young.

Britain rules the waves, Mussolini waives the rules.

You can fool all the people some of the time some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.

(Abraham Lincoln)

Love is the business of the idle, but idleness (is) of the busy.

(Edward Bulwer-Lytton)

An original writer is not one who imitates nobody but one whom nobody can imitate.

(Chateaubian)

 

 


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