第22章　定　語 22.4　同位語

22.4　同位語

22.4.1　用名詞、代詞或數(shù)詞作同位語

1) 在名詞后?？筛硪幻~作它的同位語，說明它指誰：

She is my niece Maria. 她是我的侄女瑪麗亞。

同位語有兩種：

a．限制性同位語——它和前面的名詞（代詞）關(guān)系比較緊密，中間沒有逗號把它們分開：

My aunt Lena is staying with me. 我的姨母麗娜和我們住在一起。

He wrote a biography of the Russian writer Tolstoy. 他寫了一部俄國作家托爾斯泰的傳記。

You girls are much more active than us boys. 你們女生比我們男生活躍多了。

b．非限制性同位語——它和前面名詞的關(guān)系比較松散，中間通常有一個逗號把它們分開（表示略有停頓）：

This is Professor Baker, head of our department. 這是我們的系主任貝克教授。

They are staying at Beidaihe, a summer resort in Northern China. 他們現(xiàn)在北戴河，它是華北的一個避暑勝地。

We completed the project in six months, half the usual time. 我們用六個月時間完成了這項(xiàng)工程，這只是平常時間的一半。

We have everything we need:land, funds and technology. 我們擁有所需的一切：土地、資金和技術(shù)。

Qinghai, the largest inland body of salt water in China, lies 3,198 meters above sea-level. 我國最大的內(nèi)陸咸水湖青海湖海拔3,198米。

One, Haisipi Island, has an area of 0.46 sq. km. and the other, Bird Island, measures 0.11 sq. km. 一個叫海西皮島，面積0.46平方公里，另一個叫鳥島，面積0.11平方公里。

多數(shù)的同位語屬于后一類。

2) 有些同位語是代詞（a）或是數(shù)詞（b）：

a．We're both from (both came from) the north. 我們倆都是北方人。

The theory itself is all right. 這理論本身沒有問題。

We each put forward a proposal. 我們每人提出了一個建議。

They none of them said anything. 他們誰也沒有說什么。

She seemed different from us all. 她似乎和我們大家都不同。

b．Is there room for us two? 有我們兩人的位置嗎？

You three sit here. 你們?nèi)俗@里。

Another example is John Brown Senior, now 66, who has been here for 40 years. 另外一個例子是老約翰·布朗，現(xiàn)在六十六歲，在這里已經(jīng)四十年了。

Some 485 million people, about two-fifths of our population, live in this immense area. 約有四億八千五百萬人，占我們?nèi)丝诘奈宸种?，居住在這片遼闊的地區(qū)。

22.4.2　用形容詞或詞組作同位語

1) 有些同位語可以是形容詞：

People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished visitors. 老老少少都出來迎接貴賓。

Middle-aged, tall and thin, he looked the typical Shanxi farmer. 他是中年人，瘦高個兒，看上去是一個典型的山西農(nóng)民。

2) 有些同位語結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜一些，帶有一個副詞或代詞：

Xiao Yan, normally a timid girl, argued heatedly with them about it. 小燕平常是一個靦腆的姑娘，現(xiàn)在也和他們熱烈地辯論此事。

It has several waiting rooms, all airy and filled with chairs and sofas. 它有幾間候車室，通風(fēng)很好，擺滿了椅子和長沙發(fā)。

Two phosphate mines, one in Hubei and the other in Guizhou, are being speedily built. 兩座磷礦，一在湖北，一在貴州，正在加速建設(shè)。

These methods, systematically summarized, are now being popularized in the whole country. 這些方法經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)總結(jié)，正在全國推廣。

這類同位語也可以提前，特別是主語比較短時，來給它以突出的位置：

A peasant by birth, Liu Qiang is straightforward in character. 劉強(qiáng)是農(nóng)民出身，是個直性子。

A skilful hand at improving tools, Xiao Hu helped to make a new type of cutter. 小胡是改革工具的能手，他幫助制作了一種新型刀具。

Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer. 他過去是工人，現(xiàn)在是工程師了。

3) 有些同位語結(jié)構(gòu)更復(fù)雜一點(diǎn)，由for example, including等引導(dǎo)：

They visit eight cities, for example, London and Paris. 他們訪問了八座城市，如倫敦和巴黎。

New Zealand possesses rich mineral deposits, including gold. 新西蘭擁有豐富的礦藏，包括黃金。

The children like the animals, particularly the panda. 孩子們很喜歡那些動物，特別是熊貓。

I like all the kids, especially Lester. 我喜歡所有的孩子，特別是萊斯特。

I'm pleased with only one boy, namely George. 我只喜歡一個男孩子，那就是喬治。

He is a cutter—that is to say, a man who sells knives and sharp tooles. 他是一位刀具匠，也就是說，一個出售各種刀和鋒利工具的人。

22.4.3　同位語從句

1) 有很多名詞后可以跟that引導(dǎo)的從句，說明其內(nèi)容，可稱為同位語從句（Appositive Clauses）：

There was no doubt that he was a fine scholar. 毫無疑問，他是位優(yōu)秀的學(xué)者。

He was conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.他意識到她不贊成他在做的事。

We received a message that he would be absent. 我們收到了他將缺席的消息。

We have proof that this man committed the crime. 我們有證據(jù)說明是這個人犯的罪。

I've expressed the opinion that she can act. 我表明了她能演戲的看法。

I have good hopes they will give you a visa at Locarno. 我抱有很大希望，他們會在洛迦諾發(fā)給你簽證。

I had the impression that she chose her words with care. 我有印象，她選詞很小心。

He presented evidence that his thesis was based on original research. 他提交證據(jù)表明，他的論文是根據(jù)原先的研究寫成的。

I had no idea that your husband was opposed to my visit. 我不知道你丈夫反對我來訪。

He came to see her in the belief that he will be welcome. 他來看她，相信他會受到歡迎。

He had the feeling that he would not see her again. 他感覺他再也見不到她了。

I've come to the conclusion that it won't be wise to do so. 我得出結(jié)論這樣做是不明智的。

There is a rumour that you have resigned. 有謠言說你辭職了。

The report that he was going to resign was false. 他將辭職的傳聞是假的。

There is some possibility (that) he may be late. 他有可能晚到。

I give my guarantee that he will support the idea. 我（向你）保證他會支持這個想法。

Tears filled her eyes at the thought that she might never see him again. 想到她可能再也見不到他，她眼中充滿了淚水。

They received assurance that the Union would stand by them. 他們得到保證工會將支持他們。

2) 同位語從句有時和前面的名詞分開：

The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 謠傳這里要蓋一所新學(xué)校。

The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息傳開說他彩票中獎贏得了一輛汽車。

The story goes that he often beats his wife. 傳說他經(jīng)常打老婆。

The order soon came that all civilians must evacuate the village. 不久傳來命令，所有村民必須撤離村莊。

Report has it that five people were killed in the accident. 據(jù)傳這次事故中死了五個人。

The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想到敵人可能已逃離這座城市。

3) 在少數(shù)情況下可用連接副（代）詞引導(dǎo)的從句作同位語：

You have no idea how worried I was. 你不知道我多發(fā)愁。

I have no idea why she left. 我不知道她為什么走了。

He had no idea what a remarkable woman Maggie is. 他不知道瑪吉是個多么出色的女人。

There is some doubt (as to) whether John will come on time. 對約翰是否會準(zhǔn)時到有一些懷疑。