第16章　介　詞 16.2　介詞短語在句子中的作用

16.2　介詞短語在句子中的作用

16.2.1　介詞短語

介詞不能單獨擔(dān)任一個成分，必須構(gòu)成介詞短語來擔(dān)任一個成分。能和介詞構(gòu)成短語的有下面這些：

1) 名詞：

Who's knocking at the door? 誰在敲門？

I put the calculator into my pocket. 我把計算器放到口袋里。

2) 代詞：

I'm looking for something (her). 我在找東西（她）。

You're always thinking of others. 你總是為別人著想。

3) 動名詞：

Are you interested in going with us? 你有興趣和我們一道去嗎？

I strongly object to your saying that. 我堅決反對你這樣說話。

4) 由連接代（副）詞或關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)的從句：

He thought over what he had better do. 他想了想他最好怎么辦。

She was grateful to him for what he had done. 她為他所做的事而感激他。

5) 由連接代（副）詞引導(dǎo)的不定式短語：

She gave a talk on how to fight the disease. 她作了一個報告，講如何同這種疾病作斗爭。

The discussion centered on how to increase production. 討論圍繞著如何增產(chǎn)而進行。

6) 另一個介詞：

I saw her from across the street. 我從街對面看到她。

We never play bridge until after dinner. 我們只在晚飯后打橋牌。

7) 副詞或形容詞：

I heard someone calling me from below. 我聽見有人在下面叫我。

My English is far from perfect. 我的英語遠不是完美的。

8) 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：

I had no objection to Dinny marrying him. 我不反對丁妮和他結(jié)婚。

The policy of land to the tillers was finally put into effect. 最后實行了耕者有其田的政策。

在個別情況下，介詞后面還可跟where和that引導(dǎo)的從句（a），甚至跟帶to或不帶to的不定式（b）：

a． The car stopped only a few inches from where I stood. 汽車在離我站的地方僅幾英寸處停了下來。

He is a good student except that he is occasionally careless. 他是一個好學(xué)生，只是有時粗心大意。

b． I had no alternative but to walk out. 我別無他法只好走出去。

She can do everything except cook. 她什么都會，就是不會做飯。

介詞后的賓語可稱為為介詞賓語（Prepositional Object）。

16.2.2　介詞短語作狀語

1) 介詞短語作狀語時最多，主要修飾謂語：

I arrived at the concert hall in good time. 我及時到達了音樂廳。

At first he opposed the marriage, but in the end he gave his consent. 起先他反對這門親事，但最后同意了。

He has been here since Monday. 從星期一起，他一直在這里。

Bake it for two hours. 把它烘烤兩小時。

They flew (cycled) from Paris to Rome. 他們乘飛機（騎自行車）從巴黎到羅馬。

We have friends all over the world. 我們的朋友遍天下。

2)“be+形容？”這種結(jié)構(gòu)也常跟介詞短語：

She is afraid of dogs. 她怕狗。

We were eager for news. 我們急于得到消息。

I'm not so bad at bridge. 我打橋牌還不錯。

She is used to a vegetarian diet. 她習(xí)慣于吃素食。

He is familiar with the district. 他對這個地區(qū)很熟悉。

I'm sorry about the air tickets. 機票的事我很抱歉。

3) 還可用介詞短語修飾非謂語動詞：

I asked to speak to the dean. 我要求和院長說話。

I'm sorry to have trodden on your foot. 對不起踩了你的腳。

Thank you for doing this for us. 謝謝你幫我們做了這事。

There was a bird perching on the television aerial. 有只鳥停在電視天線上。

Have you read any plays written by Ibsen? 你讀過易卜生寫的劇本嗎？

Around the city were mountains covered by snow. 該城周圍是白雪覆蓋的群山。

16.2.3　介詞短語作定語

1) 在不少情況下也可用介詞短語作定語：

She seems to know the solution to the problem. 她似乎知道這問題的解決方法。

Here is a cheque for $ 30. 這是一張三十美元的支票。

What are the major differences between British English and AmericanEnglish? 英國英語和美國英語有什么主要差別？

The house opposite ours was burnt down last week. 我們家對面的房子上星期燒毀了。

They lived in a flat above the shop. 他們住在那家商店上面的一套公寓里。

The man next to Bill was talking to him in Spanish. 比爾旁邊的那個人在用西班牙語說話。

2) 有些介詞常可引導(dǎo)短語作定語：

of：

a child of six 六歲的孩子

a pupil of English 學(xué)英語的學(xué)生

a boy of middle height 中等身材的男孩

a lady of character 有個性的女子

a congress of unity 團結(jié)的大會

a professor of phonetics 語音學(xué)教授

men of easy temper 脾氣好的男子

a man of immense capacity 能力很強的人

a gentleman about sixty years 年約六十的一位先生

an hour of danger 危險時刻

an act of friendship 友好的行動

fishes of many sizes 大大小小的魚

things of great value 很有價值之物

a member of great importance 要員

a house of red bricks 紅色磚房

with：

a child with dark eyes 黑眼珠的孩子

a boy with red hair 紅頭發(fā)的男孩

a girl with a pigtail 梳辮子的姑娘

a man with a gun 帶槍的人

a widow with 3 children 有三個孩子的寡婦

a man with a moustache 留著小胡子的男人

a clerk with glasses 戴眼鏡的職員

a jacket with a hood 帶帽兜的夾克

a man with suitcase 提著箱子的人

a house with a garden 帶花園之房

in：

the girl in blue 穿藍衣裳的姑娘

a man in his 40s 四十多歲的男子

a boy in khaki shorts 穿咔嘰短褲的男孩

a report in preparation 正在撰寫的報告

a mistake in tactics 戰(zhàn)術(shù)錯誤

an exam in math 數(shù)學(xué)考試

a Ph D in economics 經(jīng)濟學(xué)博士

a novel in translation 翻譯小說

a request in reason 合理的請求

a policeman in disguise 便衣警察

to：

an answer to a puzzle 謎底

a reply to his letter 給他的復(fù)信

damage to the house 對房子的損害

devotion to parents 對父母的熱愛

his fidelity to his wife 他對妻子的忠誠

her contribution to science 她對科學(xué)的貢獻

her attachment to her mother 她對母親的依戀

an introduction to botany 植物學(xué)概論

the key to this lock 這把鎖的鑰匙

secretary to a doctor 醫(yī)生的秘書

for：

a war for profits 利潤戰(zhàn)

a medicine for colds 感冒藥

a machine for making boxes 制盒機

a passion for sports 對體育的熱愛

enthusiasm for music 對音樂的熱情

room for improvement 改進的余地

a thirst for knowledge 求知欲

sympathy for orphans 對孤兒的同情

a change for the better 好轉(zhuǎn)

his hunger for power 他的權(quán)利欲

about：

doubts about his ability 對他能力的懷疑

news about their progress 他們進展的消息

illusions about wealth 對財富的幻想

information about Paris 關(guān)于巴黎的情況

my opinion about it 我對它的看法

a debate about the question 關(guān)于這問題的辯論

an agreement about trade 貿(mào)易協(xié)定

a dispute about where to go 關(guān)于到哪里去的爭論

my idea about friendship 我對友誼的看法

16.2.4　介詞短語作表語或作賓語的補語

1) 介詞短語用作表語時也很多，幾乎大部分常用介詞都可這樣用：

The museum is just across the street. 博物館就在街對面。

He knows what she is after. 他知道她追求的是什么。

What's the article about? 這篇文章是講什么的？

I assumed that she was above reproach. 我認為她不應(yīng)受到責(zé)備。

It was against the law. 這是違法的。

He was among the first to arrive. 他是首批到達的。

He didn't feel at ease. 他感到心神不寧。

The workers are behind them and that's their strength. 工人們支持他們，這就是他們的力量所在。

My position in the firm was below his. 我在公司的職位比他低。

It is by one of our most celebrated painters. 它是我們最著名畫家之一的作品。

It's for you. He handed it to me. 他把它遞給我說，“這是給你的？”

This music is from Mozart's operas. 這音樂選自莫扎特的歌劇。

The poor girl was in tears. 可憐的女孩淚流滿面。

His opinion was near my own. 他的看法和我自己的看法差不多。

We are like brothers and sisters. 我們就像兄弟姐妹。

Jack is of the same opinion. 杰克也持同樣的看法。

She's off smoking. 她已戒煙了。

They're always on the lookout for new investment opportunities. 他們總在尋找投資機會。

The post office is just round the corner. 郵局就在拐角處。

They have been through too much. 他們受的苦太多了。

It's not within my power. 這超出了我的能力。

His face was without expression. 他臉上毫無表情。

It's worth trying, isn't it? 這值得一試，對吧？

2) 許多介詞可構(gòu)成短語作表語：

at：

He's at odds with his wife. 他和妻子不合。

Bus services were at a halt. 公共汽車停駛了。

She's at her worst. 她情緒糟透了。

Summer is at its height. 正值盛夏。

The flower was at its brightest. 花開得正艷。

She was at her happiest here. 她在這里最高興。

She was at the end of her resources. 她智竭計窮。

He was at a disadvantage. 他處于不利地位。

He was at his meal. 他在吃飯。

She was at a loss. 她不知所措。

They were at school together. 他們是同學(xué)。

The country was at war. 該國在打仗。

Business was at a standstill. 業(yè)務(wù)停頓了下來。

He's at his work now. 他此刻正在工作。

beyond：

The road is beyond that hill. 公路在山那邊。

Good advice's beyond price. 有益的忠告是無價之寶。

The explanation is beyond me. 這解釋我不懂。

He's beyond my control. 他是我控制不了的。

This is beyond my means. 這超過了我的財力。

The results were beyond dispute. 結(jié)果不容爭議。

The rumour's beyond belief. 這謠言不可信。

Our stand is beyond reproach. 我們的立場是無可厚非的。

The scene is beyond description. 那景色無法形容。

He is beyond redemption. 他已不可救藥了。

in：

He's still in danger. 他仍在危險期。

All was in ruins. 成了一片廢墟。

She's in good health. 她身體很好。

The room is in disorder. 房間很亂。

His mind's in confusion. 他腦子很亂。

The roses are in bloom. 玫瑰開花了。

The letter was in French. 信是用法語寫的。

The Labor Party was in power. 工黨當(dāng)政。

Congress is in session. 國會在開會。

They were in flight. 他們在逃竄。

He's heavily in debt. 他負債累累。

He's in good spirits. 他情緒很好。

She was in despair. 她絕望了。

I'm in doubt about it. 我對此有懷疑。

I'm in earnest. 我是認真的。

You're in the right. 你是對的。

of：

She's of middle height.她中等身材。

He is of feeble will. 他意志薄弱。

He is of a different way of thinking. 他是另一種思路。

Is it of any use to you? 這對你有用嗎？

It's of no value. 這毫無價值。

But it was of no avail. 但這沒有用。

The gown was of red velvet. 這袍子是紅色絲絨的。

It won't be of real benefit to her. 它對她沒有真正的好處。

She's of peculiar disposition. 她性格很特別。

He was of an excitable temperament. 他是好激動的性格。

on：

He was always on the move. 他總是東奔西跑。

She is on tour in Europe. 她在歐洲旅行。

He is on guard. 他在站崗。

They're on holiday. 他們在度假。

Crimes are on the rise. 犯罪率在上升。

She was on piece-work. 她在做計件工作。

He's always on the go. 他總是忙忙碌碌。

The dockers are on strike. 碼頭工人在罷工。

Who's on the phone? 誰來電話？

Is he on board yet? 他上船了嗎？

She's on diet. 她在節(jié)食。

He was on his round. 他在查病房。

He's on night duty. 他值夜班。

The show is on the air. 演出在轉(zhuǎn)播。

out of：

He's out of work. 他失業(yè)了。

I'm a bit out of sorts. 我有點不舒服。

He's out of breath. 他氣喘吁吁。

He is out of humor. 他情緒不佳。

She must be out of her senses.她準(zhǔn)是發(fā)瘋了。

She was soon out of patience. 她很快就失去了耐心。

We're out of touch with her. 我們和她失去了聯(lián)系。

Rest was out of the question. 休息根本談不上。

The grocer was out of coffee. 雜貨店咖啡賣完了。

She's a bit out of practice. 她有點荒疏了。

Pears are out of season. 梨下市了。

We're out of flour. 我們沒面粉了。

The car is out of repair. 車壞了。

I am out of element. 我不適應(yīng)環(huán)境。

We are out of food. 我們已斷糧。

The book is out of print. 書已絕版。

under：

He's under forty. 他不到四十。

The road is under repair. 路在維修。

It's under examination. 這問題正在審查。

The fort was under attack. 要塞正受到攻擊。

It is under review. 這事在審核。

He's under a strain. 他很累。

The matter is under consideration. 這事正在考慮。

The bridge is under construction. 橋正在修建。

He was under an anaesthetic.他處于麻醉狀態(tài)。

I'm a bit under the weather. 我感到有點不適。

He was under fire. 他受到批評。

He was under age. 他還未成年。

The land is under water. 土地被淹了。

You're under arrest. 你被捕了。

3) 介詞短語有時可作賓語的補語（一道構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語）：

We found her in better spirits that evening. 那天晚上我們發(fā)現(xiàn)她情緒好些了。

They found the boy already in the hands of a doctor. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩已有醫(yī)生照顧。

They kept the man in custody. 他們把這人拘留了。

He always considers himself in the right. 他總認為自己是對的。

He thought it beneath him to do such a thing. 他認為這種事不屑一做。

I saw George at work. 我看見喬治在干活。

We could hear the children at play outside. 我們可以聽見孩子們在外面玩耍。

A cold kept him in bed for three days. 感冒使他臥床三天。