1. 結(jié)論-解釋型(也叫論點(diǎn)-解釋型)
2. 新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型
3. 現(xiàn)象解釋型(包含問(wèn)題-解決方案型)
1.首先是“結(jié)論-解釋型”文章。
這類(lèi)文章在開(kāi)始有一個(gè)判斷句,一般是文章的結(jié)論,也是文章的主題。這個(gè)判斷句的謂語(yǔ)部分通常包含系動(dòng)詞(is, remain, prove, turn out, appear等)或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may, should, must等),而且含有表示態(tài)度的詞匯(如形容詞等)。例如,
Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth's subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field practice, a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources, such as small dynamite explosions, in a grid pattern…
文章首句指出:“由于‘地震反射法’(sr)在勾劃地球的地下層面這方面的準(zhǔn)確性,該方法一直是探尋石油儲(chǔ)備的最重要的工具。”這是一個(gè)判斷句,為結(jié)論。其中remains為系動(dòng)詞,而most important為態(tài)度詞,表示作者對(duì)“地震反射法”持非常正面的評(píng)價(jià)。
后文應(yīng)解釋“地震反射法”的具體過(guò)程。 第二句話對(duì)解釋進(jìn)行總的說(shuō)明:“在實(shí)地作業(yè)中,通過(guò)將一系列波列源,諸如小規(guī)模炸藥爆炸,排列成一個(gè)網(wǎng)格模式,從而將地下層面標(biāo)繪出來(lái)。”接下來(lái)是“地震反射法”的詳細(xì)過(guò)程。
2.GRE閱讀文章的第二種常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)是“新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型”。
這類(lèi)文章在開(kāi)始提出老觀點(diǎn),然后提出新觀點(diǎn)并進(jìn)行論述。GRE詞匯量通常新觀點(diǎn)是文章的主題。老觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志詞有:
1. 傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn): has been, traditionally, until recently等
2. 大眾觀點(diǎn):frequently, widely, many等
新觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志詞有:however, recently, now等。
例如:
Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used。
However, a number of features that are characteristic of wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste…
文章首句指出:“傳統(tǒng)上,風(fēng)媒授粉過(guò)程一直被視為是一個(gè)以隨機(jī)事件為標(biāo)志的繁殖過(guò)程,其中風(fēng)的不確定性通過(guò)產(chǎn)生大量花粉而得以補(bǔ)償,因此,新種子的最終繁殖得以保證,而此舉的代價(jià)是所需產(chǎn)生的花粉要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)實(shí)際的使用量。”由第一個(gè)詞traditionally可知文章首句為老觀點(diǎn)(由于風(fēng)的不確定性,風(fēng)媒植物要產(chǎn)生大量花粉補(bǔ)償),那么本文的結(jié)構(gòu)是“新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型”。
第二段首句出現(xiàn)了GRE閱讀中的標(biāo)志性轉(zhuǎn)折詞however,說(shuō)明這句話就是新觀點(diǎn):“但是,風(fēng)媒植物所獨(dú)有的一系列特征可減少花粉浪費(fèi)。”這說(shuō)明風(fēng)媒植物除了可以產(chǎn)生大量花粉加以補(bǔ)償?shù)南麡O策略之外,還可以通過(guò)一些積極機(jī)制減少花粉損失,不一定需要產(chǎn)生大量花粉。
3.GRE閱讀文章的第三種常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)是“現(xiàn)象解釋型”。
文章開(kāi)始提出一個(gè)現(xiàn)象,然后解釋現(xiàn)象。解釋是主題。有多個(gè)解釋時(shí),作者一般對(duì)前面的解釋持負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià),對(duì)最后的解釋持正面評(píng)價(jià)。提出現(xiàn)象時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞有:phenomenon, fact; problem, difficulty, puzzle, question等。例如,
What causes a helix in nature to appear with either a dextral ("right-handed,"or clockwise) twist or a sinistral ("left-handed," or counterclockwise') twist is one of the most intriguing puzzles in the science of form…What mechanisms, control handedness and keep left-handedness rare?
It would seem unlikely that evolution should discriminate against sinistral snails if sinistral and dextral snails are exact mirror images, for any disadvantage that a sinistral twist in itself could confer on its possessor is almost inconceivable. But left- and right-handed snails are not actually true mirror images of one another…
But this evolutionary mechanism combining dissymmetry, anatomy, and chance does not provide an adequate explanation of why right-handedness should have become predominant…
Here, the evolutionary theory must defer to a theory based on an explicit developmental mechanism that can favor either right- or left-handedness…Thus, the path to a solution to the puzzle of handedness in all snails appears to be as twisted as the helix itself.
是什么樣的原因致使自然界中的螺旋體呈現(xiàn)出右旋(“右向旋轉(zhuǎn)的”,或順時(shí)針的)或左旋(“左向旋轉(zhuǎn)的,”或反時(shí)針的)?這是形態(tài)科學(xué)中一個(gè)最引人入勝的不解之謎....。。究竟是一些什么樣的機(jī)制控制著旋轉(zhuǎn)方向,并使左旋的比例為數(shù)稀少呢?
假如左旋和右旋蝸牛呈完全一致的鏡像對(duì)稱(chēng)的話,那么進(jìn)化對(duì)左旋蝸牛不利,這近乎不太可能。幾乎無(wú)法想象左旋本身會(huì)給左旋者帶來(lái)任何不利之處。然而,左旋與右旋蝸牛彼此間實(shí)際上并不呈真正的鏡像對(duì)稱(chēng)……
但是,這種結(jié)合不對(duì)稱(chēng)、解剖學(xué)和偶然性的進(jìn)化論機(jī)制并未提供一種充分的解釋?zhuān)哉f(shuō)明蝸牛的右旋何以會(huì)成為主要的旋向……
于是,進(jìn)化論必須讓位于支持右旋或左旋的明確的發(fā)育機(jī)制為基礎(chǔ)的理論……因此,解決所有蝸牛身上旋向之謎的道路似乎與這一螺旋體本身一樣曲折復(fù)雜。
上文在第一段最后提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題:“究竟是一些什么樣的機(jī)制控制著旋轉(zhuǎn)方向,并使左旋的比例為數(shù)稀少呢?這個(gè)問(wèn)題就是一個(gè)現(xiàn)象:螺旋體中左旋的比例少。有問(wèn)題就有解答,有現(xiàn)象就有解釋。第二段從進(jìn)化論的角度解釋這一現(xiàn)象。但是,GRE閱讀文章中一般對(duì)進(jìn)化論的解釋持負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià),所以需要尋找新的解釋。第三段否定了進(jìn)化論的解釋。在末段,作者以發(fā)育機(jī)制(developmental mechanism)解釋“為何左旋少、右旋多”。
把握了文章的三種主體結(jié)構(gòu)以后,做文章后的許多題時(shí)易如反掌。以上述的GRE閱讀理解“結(jié)論——解釋型”文章為例,如果熟悉文章的主體結(jié)構(gòu),下面兩道題就很容易找到正確答案。
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing an important technique
(B) discussing a new method
(C) investigating a controversial procedure
(D) announcing a significant discovery
(E) promoting a novel application
正確答案對(duì)應(yīng)文章首句的主題句。因此(A)為正確答案。
2. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A method is criticized, and an alternative is suggested。
(B) An illustration is examined, and some errors are exposed。
(C) An assertion is made, and a procedure is outlined。
(D) A series of examples is presented, and a conclusion is drawn。
(E) A hypothesis is advanced, and supporting evidence is supplied。
本文的結(jié)構(gòu)是“結(jié)論—解釋型”,因此(C)為正確答案。
從這篇文章可得知,將GRE閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行一定的劃分,就可以迅速找到GRE閱讀題目問(wèn)題出處,進(jìn)行快速的應(yīng)對(duì)解答。這樣使GRE做題速度增加,有可以將整篇文章的框架掌握。
瘋狂英語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 新概念英語(yǔ) 走遍美國(guó) 四級(jí)聽(tīng)力 英語(yǔ)音標(biāo) 英語(yǔ)入門(mén) 發(fā)音 美語(yǔ) 四級(jí) 新東方 七年級(jí) 賴(lài)世雄 zero是什么意思漢中市望江郡英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)交流群