萬物簡史 第86期:敲石頭的人們(18)

Moreover, all this applies only to units of time . Rocksare divided into quite separate units known assystems, series, and stages. A distinction is alsomade between late and early (referring to time) andupper and lower (referring to layers of rock). It canall get terribly confusing to nonspecialists, but to ageologist these can be matters of passion. "I haveseen grown men glow incandescent with rage overthis metaphorical millisecond in life's history," theBritish paleontologist Richard Fortey has writtenwith regard to a long-running twentieth-centurydispute over where the boundary lies between the Cambrian and Ordovician.

而且，這一切都只用做時間的單位。巖石的單位還另有一套，叫做系、段和期。而且，還有早、晚(指時間)之分和上、下(指巖層)之別。對于不是專家的人來說，這簡直是一鍋粥;但對于地質(zhì)學(xué)家來說，這都可能是會動感情的東西。“我看到大人們?yōu)榱松飞弦缓撩氲膯栴}爭得臉紅脖子粗。”英國的理查德·福蒂在談到20世紀(jì)為寒武紀(jì)和奧陶紀(jì)的分界線而展開的曠日持久的辯論時這樣寫道。

At least today we can bring some sophisticated dating techniques to the table. For most of thenineteenth century geologists could draw on nothing more than the most hopeful guesswork.The frustrating position then was that although they could place the various rocks and fossils inorder by age, they had no idea how long any of those ages were. When Buckland speculated onthe antiquity of an Ichthyosaurus skeleton he could do no better than suggest that it had livedsomewhere between "ten thousand, or more than ten thousand times ten thousand" yearsearlier.

今天，我們至少可以使用某些先進(jìn)的技術(shù)來確定年代。在19世紀(jì)的大部分時間里，地質(zhì)學(xué)家們只能依賴于推測。他們可以按照時代來排列各種巖石和化石，但根本不知道這些年代的長短，這是很令人泄氣的。當(dāng)巴克蘭推測一副魚龍骨骼的古老程度的時候，他只能認(rèn)為，它生活在大約“10000或10000以上乘以10000”年以前。