GRE填空內(nèi)容知識(shí)點(diǎn)解答

　　★ 在GRE verbal每個(gè)section的38道題當(dāng)中，填空題占了7道題。和中國(guó)學(xué)生感覺(jué)頭疼的閱讀部分比起來(lái)，填空是一個(gè)相對(duì)容易在短時(shí)間內(nèi)提高成績(jī)的部分。對(duì)于只想考個(gè)合格的分?jǐn)?shù)的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，做對(duì)5道題就可以了。

　　★ 每個(gè)section的正確率想要穩(wěn)定在五個(gè)左右，詞匯是基礎(chǔ)，記住GRE詞匯書上的百分之八、九十的詞匯之前，談?wù)_率是沒(méi)有意義的。

　　★ 解題技巧多少有些幫助，但不能指望閱讀能力奇差的人單憑前人總結(jié)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)技巧就能考到一個(gè)夠用的分?jǐn)?shù)。

　　★ 如果想要每個(gè)section的正確率總是穩(wěn)定在六個(gè)以上，那需要你的實(shí)力(這需要很好的閱讀理解能力和清晰的邏輯頭腦)而不是什么技巧?？紓€(gè)夠用的分?jǐn)?shù)還有些技巧，考高分一般說(shuō)來(lái)是沒(méi)什么技巧的。

　　★ GRE填空題是GRE general test的一部分。general test是對(duì)所有不同專業(yè)的學(xué)生進(jìn)行的考試，所以為了公平起見(jiàn)，解題點(diǎn)上不能涉及任何背景知識(shí)(盡管在句子內(nèi)容上涉及了大量唬人的背景知識(shí))。因?yàn)镚RE填空屬于語(yǔ)文考試，所以不管填空句的內(nèi)容涉及到的是什么，在考試中你需要的僅僅是語(yǔ)文知識(shí)而已。

　　★ 先大致地分析推理，猜出應(yīng)該填什么詞(或僅僅猜出應(yīng)該填什么樣的詞)之后再看選項(xiàng)，不要直接把選項(xiàng)帶入讀。這樣做通常能夠躲掉干擾選項(xiàng)的誤導(dǎo)。因?yàn)榇蟛糠值母蓴_選項(xiàng)具有這樣的特征：你看到它之前很難想到它，但是一旦你看到它，就覺(jué)得它好像也很對(duì)。

　　★ 先讀句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是良好的解題習(xí)慣(雖然解題并不一定要讀出句子的主干)

　　就這幾招：

　　1.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞匯來(lái)判斷語(yǔ)言上的基本邏輯關(guān)系

　　因果、(because, in that, for, therefore, thus, accordingly, consequently, given, hence, so…that, so...as to, if…then, when...then, as long as……)轉(zhuǎn)折、(albeit, although, though, but, despite, even though, however, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, while, whatever, regardless, even if, even though, yet, and yet……)遞進(jìn)、(even, indeed………)對(duì)比、(in contrast, on the contrary, far from, on the other hand, rather than, instead of, not…but, paradoxically, ironically, surprisingly, unexpectedly, curiously……)等等。

　　2.尋找句子中的重復(fù)關(guān)系

　　作為研究生院入學(xué)的參考考試，也許是為了體現(xiàn)內(nèi)容有深度，很多句子涉及到了各個(gè)學(xué)科的背景知識(shí)。同時(shí)基于對(duì)所有學(xué)科學(xué)生都要公平的原則，所有的題目在解題點(diǎn)上都不涉及背景知識(shí)。為了做到這一點(diǎn)，很多時(shí)候ETS都是把答案放到句子中，然后用語(yǔ)言上的線索提示你去把它找出來(lái)。以下是提供重復(fù)線索的幾種常見(jiàn)形式：

　　(1) 簡(jiǎn)單的直接重復(fù)

　　The eradication of pollution is not merely a matter of ___, though the majestic beauty of nature is indeed an important consideration.

　　A. economics B. legislation C. cleanliness D. aesthetics E. restoration

　　盡管大自然的美確實(shí)很重要，但污染的消除不僅是什么問(wèn)題，當(dāng)然不僅是美的問(wèn)題。

　　Comparatively few rock musicians are willing to laugh at themselves, although a hint of----can boost sales of video clips very nicely.

　　A. self-deprecation B. congeniality C. cynicism D. embarrassment E. self-doubt

　　搖滾樂(lè)手很少自嘲，盡管什么東西能促進(jìn)錄像短片的銷售，當(dāng)然就填自嘲。

　　Melodramas, which presented stark oppositions between innocence and criminality, virtue and corruption, good and evil, were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world ___of___.

　　A. bereft.. theatricality B. composed.. adversity C. full.. circumstantiality D. deprived.. polarity

　　E. devoid.. neutrality

　　Melodramas這個(gè)詞不認(rèn)識(shí)也沒(méi)關(guān)系，既然它表現(xiàn)的是無(wú)辜與罪行、道德與墮落、善與惡之間的刻板對(duì)立，那么它提供給觀眾什么樣的世界呢?當(dāng)然是刻板對(duì)立的世界，只有E選項(xiàng)符合要求。

　　(2) 解釋型重復(fù)

　　The Muses are___deities: they avenge themselves without mercy on those who weary of their charms.

　　A. rueful B. ingenuous C. solicitous D. vindictive E. dispassionate

　　冒號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容就是正確選項(xiàng)D這個(gè)詞的釋義，所以不知道繆斯是什么東西也能輕松選對(duì)。

　　Unenlightened authoritarian managers rarely recognize a crucial reason for the low levels of serious conflict among members of democratically run work groups: a modicum of tolerance for dissent often prevents___.

　　A. demur B. schism C. cooperation D. compliance E. shortsightedness

　　冒號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容解釋了民主方式運(yùn)作的工作團(tuán)體中為何少有嚴(yán)重的沖突，所以即使看不懂a(chǎn) modicum of

　　tolerance for dissent是什么東西，也應(yīng)該知道這個(gè)東西避免了嚴(yán)重沖突，故選B。

　　(3) 根據(jù)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)推斷重復(fù)：

　　The valedictory address, as it has developed in American colleges and universities over the years, has become a very strict form, a literary ___ that permits very little ___.

　　A. text.. clarity B. work.. tradition C. genre.. deviation

　　D. oration.. grandiloquence E. achievement.. rigidity

　　a literary ___ that permits very little ___. 是前面的a very strict form的同位語(yǔ)，所以第一空格填form的同義或近義詞，that permits very little___. 這個(gè)從句完成后應(yīng)為strict的同義或近義詞。

　　Many more eighteenth-century novels were written by women than by men, but this dominance has, until very

　　recently, been regarded merely as ___ fact, a bit of arcane knowledge noted only by bibliographers.

　　A. a controversial B. a statistical C. an analytical D. an explicit E. an unimpeachable

　　這道題同樣，a bit of arcane knowledge noted only by bibliographers.是前面的___ fact的同義重復(fù)，所以空格應(yīng)填入文獻(xiàn)學(xué)家關(guān)注的事實(shí)，已知的五個(gè)選項(xiàng)里顯然只有B選項(xiàng)的statistical(統(tǒng)計(jì)的)是文獻(xiàn)學(xué)家的份內(nèi)工作。

　　(4) 憑借具有指示作用的形容詞或代詞來(lái)尋找重復(fù)

　　Longdale and Stern discovered that mitochondria and chloroplasts ___ a long, identifiable sequence of DNA; such a coincidence could be ___ only by the transfer of DNA between the two systems.

　　A. manufacture.. accomplished B. reveal.. repeated C. exhibit.. determined

　　D. share.. explained E. maintain.. contradicted

　　下半句的such a coincidence說(shuō)明第一空格的動(dòng)詞填入后應(yīng)體現(xiàn)為是一種巧合，兩個(gè)看不懂是什么的、只知道是不一樣的東西(非相關(guān)專業(yè)的絕大部分學(xué)生是不太可能認(rèn)識(shí)mitochondria和chloroplasts這兩個(gè)詞的)怎樣了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)的、可以認(rèn)為是一模一樣的DNA序列就是一個(gè)巧合呢?當(dāng)然只有D的share表示了這個(gè)意思。

　　Laws do not ensure social order since laws can always be ___ , which makes them ___ unless the authorities have the will and the power to detect and punish wrongdoing.

　　A. contested.. provisional B. circumvented.. antiquated C. repealed.. vulnerable

　　D. violated.. ineffective E. modified.. unstable

　　Which指代逗號(hào)前面的那句話，也就是“法律不保障社會(huì)秩序”，這就使得法律怎樣呢?當(dāng)然只有D選項(xiàng)的ineffective符合句意。

　　3. 對(duì)于含義晦澀的句子，判斷語(yǔ)氣或感情色彩是有效地解決方法，有時(shí)候甚至是唯一的方法。

　　Johnson never ___ to ignore the standards of decent conduct mandated by company policy if ___ compliance with instructions from his superiors enabled him to do so, whatever the effects on his subordinates.

　　A. deigned.. tacit B. attempted.. halfhearted C. intended.. direct

　　D. scrupled.. literal E. wished.. feigned

　　這句話對(duì)于英語(yǔ)閱讀能力較差的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，通過(guò)正常的閱讀理解來(lái)做還是有些難度的。但是如果注意到whatever the effects on his subordinates(無(wú)論對(duì)下級(jí)產(chǎn)生什么影響)的語(yǔ)氣，就可以判斷第一空格填入后應(yīng)表示johnson干的不是什么好事，唯一符合這一判斷的是D選項(xiàng)。

　　Ironically, the party leaders encountered no greater ___ their efforts to build a progressive party than the ___ of the progressives already elected to the legislature.

　　A. support for.. advocacy B. threat to.. promise C. benefit from.. success

　　D. obstacle to.. resistance E. praise for.. reputation

　　如果知道encounter的正確用法，就可以判斷第一空格應(yīng)填入一個(gè)負(fù)面色彩的詞，這樣就輕松排除了A、C、E三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，結(jié)合后面的意思來(lái)看，只能選D。

　　Although ___ is usually thought to spring from regret for having done something wrong, it may be that its origin

　　is the realization that one's own nature is irremediably ___.

　　A. contrition.. resilient B. certitude.. confident C.skepticism.. innocent

　　D. remorse.. flawed E. resignation. frivolous

　　第二空格被副詞irremediably(不可救藥地)修飾，根據(jù)這個(gè)詞帶出的語(yǔ)氣可以判斷第二空格應(yīng)填入一個(gè)負(fù)面色彩的詞，符合這一判斷的只有D、E兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。第一空格remorse的意思完全地對(duì)應(yīng)“regret for having done something wrong”，故選D。

　　Any language is a conspiracy against experience in the sense that it is a collective attempt to ___ experience by reducing it into discrete parcels.

　　A. extrapolate B. transcribe C. complicate D. amplify E. manage

　　這句話如果沒(méi)有看過(guò)相關(guān)背景的書籍幾乎是不可理解的，但是我們可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)氣和感情色彩的判斷來(lái)排除錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)，最終剩下一個(gè)看不出錯(cuò)的選項(xiàng)，也就是正確選項(xiàng)了。因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言是對(duì)抗經(jīng)驗(yàn)的陰謀(conspiracy against)，所以空格應(yīng)填入一個(gè)負(fù)面色彩的動(dòng)作，只有C選項(xiàng)(使復(fù)雜化、使變得麻煩)和E選項(xiàng)(manage除了中性的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理之外，還可以表示負(fù)面的操縱控制)符合這一判斷。結(jié)合方式狀語(yǔ)by reducing(減少、分解、簡(jiǎn)化)來(lái)看，C選項(xiàng)應(yīng)被排除，最后剩下仍然看不懂句意的E選項(xiàng)就對(duì)了。

　　4.推理判斷時(shí)注意避免發(fā)散思維

　　Natural selection tends to eliminate genes that cause inherited diseases, acting most strongly against the most severe diseases; consequently, hereditary diseases that are ___ would be expected to be very ___, but, surprisingly, they are not.

　　A. lethal.. rare B. untreated.. dangerous C. unusual.. refractory

　　D. new.. perplexing E. widespread.. acute

　　根據(jù)consequently提示的上下因果關(guān)系我們可以判斷第一空格應(yīng)填入severe的同義或反義，表示嚴(yán)重或不嚴(yán)重的詞只有A選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)表示未曾治療的，D不用說(shuō)了。C、E兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)其實(shí)和是否嚴(yán)重沒(méi)有關(guān)系，很多時(shí)候干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置上利用了我們的習(xí)慣思維不縝密的、容易想當(dāng)然的弱點(diǎn)。很多人會(huì)認(rèn)為不尋常的、很少見(jiàn)的疾病就是嚴(yán)重的，尋常的、隨處可見(jiàn)的疾病就是不嚴(yán)重的。但是只要稍微想一下就知道這里面沒(méi)有任何必然的關(guān)系。

　　Although ___, almost self-effacing in his private life, he displays in his plays and essays a strong ___ publicity and controversy.

　　A. conventional.. interest in B. monotonous.. reliance on C. shy.. aversion toward

　　D. retiring.. penchant for E. evasive.. impatience with

　　第二空格根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系顯然只能選A、D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，第一空格會(huì)有很多人覺(jué)得A選項(xiàng)可以選，因?yàn)橛X(jué)得傳統(tǒng)的人就是不喜歡拋頭露面的，不喜歡與人爭(zhēng)吵的。同樣只要想想就該知道這里面沒(méi)有任何必然的關(guān)系，并且即便我們中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的人真是這樣，這里也沒(méi)說(shuō)他是中國(guó)人。這種干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置路數(shù)和上一道題的感覺(jué)是完全一樣的。

　　Considering how long she had yearned to see Italy, her first reaction was curiously ___.

　　A. meditative B. tepid C. categorical D. unoriginal E. insightful

　　干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置和上兩道題完全一樣，A選項(xiàng)的沉思冥想并不表示她所應(yīng)具有的高興振奮的態(tài)度的相反，正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B選項(xiàng)(微溫的，缺乏熱情或激情的)，直接表明了與興奮激動(dòng)的態(tài)度的相反特征。

　　5.ETS總是傾向于把詞義的對(duì)應(yīng)上最為直接的、形同廢話的選項(xiàng)設(shè)為正確選項(xiàng)

　　The hierarchy of medical occupations is in many ways a ___ system; its strata remain ___ and the practitioners in them have very little vertical mobility.

　　A. health.. skilled B. delivery.. basic C. regimental.. flexible

　　D. training.. inferior E. caste.. intact

　　醫(yī)療職業(yè)的等級(jí)(hierarchy)在許多方面是一個(gè)等級(jí)體系(caste system)

　　The natural balance between prey and predator has been increasingly ___, most frequently by human intervention.

　　A. celebrated B. predicted C. observed D. disturbed E. questioned

　　被掠食者和掠食者之間的自然平衡被人類的干擾(intervention)干擾(disturbed)了

　　Poe's ___ reviews of contemporary fiction, which often find great merit in otherwise ___ literary gems, must make us respect his critical judgment in addition to his well-known literary talent.

　　A. thorough.. completed B. petulant.. unpopular C. insightful.. unappreciated

　　D. enthusiastic.. acclaimed E. harsh.. undeserving

　　愛(ài)倫坡有判斷力的(insightful)現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)評(píng)論使得我們佩服他的判斷力(critical judgment)

　　Aptly enough, this work so imbued with the notion of changing times and styles has been constantly ___ over the years, thereby reflecting its own mutability.

　　A.appreciated B. emulated C. criticized D. revised E. reprinted

　　十分恰當(dāng)?shù)氖?，這部充滿了變遷(changing)的時(shí)代、變遷的風(fēng)格的作品多年以來(lái)一直被改變(revise)，從而反映了它自身的可變性(mutability)