英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：洪恩語(yǔ)法之名詞性從句詳解

If you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have.
如果你不能有最好的，你就充分利用你現(xiàn)有的吧。

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses)。 名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。

17.1 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞

引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：

連接詞：that,whether,if 不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分)

連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,

whose, which.

連接副詞：when, where, how, why

不可省略的連詞：

1. 介詞后的連詞

2. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞不可省略。

That she was chosen made us very happy.

We heard the news that our team had won.

比較：whether與if 均為"是否"的意思。 但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代：

1. whether引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首

2. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句

3. whether從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)

4. 從句后有"or not"

Whether he will come is not clear.

大部分連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句都可以置于句末，用 it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)。

It is not important who will go.

It is still unknown which team will win the match.

17.2 名詞性that-從句

1)由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。 That只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，本身也沒有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當(dāng)主 語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和形容詞賓語(yǔ)，例如：

主語(yǔ)：That he is still alive is sheer luck.　 他還活著全靠運(yùn)氣。

賓語(yǔ)：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.　約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去。

表語(yǔ)：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.　　　事實(shí)是近來誰(shuí)也沒有見過他。

同位語(yǔ)：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.

近來誰(shuí)也沒有見過他，這一事實(shí)令辦公室所有的人不安。

形容詞賓語(yǔ)：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.

你對(duì)工作滿意我感到很高興。

2)That-從句作主語(yǔ)通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如：

It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　很清楚，整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。

It's a pity that you should have to leave.　你非走不可真是件憾事。

用it作形式主語(yǔ)的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系：

a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句

It is necessary that…　　　 有必要……

It is important that…　　　 重要的是……

It is obvious that…　　　　 很明顯……

b. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句

It is believed that…　　　　　人們相信……

It is known to all that…　　　從所周知……

It has been decided that…　　 已決定……

c. It + be +名詞+ that-從句

It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常識(shí)

It is a surprise that…　　 令人驚奇的是……

It is a fact that…　　　　 事實(shí)是……

d. It +不及物動(dòng)詞+ that-分句

It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……

It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……

It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……

17.2 名詞性that-從句

1)由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。 That只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，本身也沒有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當(dāng)主 語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和形容詞賓語(yǔ)，例如：

主語(yǔ)：That he is still alive is sheer luck.　 他還活著全靠運(yùn)氣。

賓語(yǔ)：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.　約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去。

表語(yǔ)：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.　　　事實(shí)是近來誰(shuí)也沒有見過他。

同位語(yǔ)：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.

近來誰(shuí)也沒有見過他，這一事實(shí)令辦公室所有的人不安。

形容詞賓語(yǔ)：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.

你對(duì)工作滿意我感到很高興。

2)That-從句作主語(yǔ)通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如：

It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　很清楚，整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。

It's a pity that you should have to leave.　你非走不可真是件憾事。

用it作形式主語(yǔ)的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系：

a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句

It is necessary that…　　　 有必要……

It is important that…　　　 重要的是……

It is obvious that…　　　　 很明顯……

b. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句

It is believed that…　　　　　人們相信……

It is known to all that…　　　從所周知……

It has been decided that…　　 已決定……

c. It + be +名詞+ that-從句

It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常識(shí)

It is a surprise that…　　 令人驚奇的是……

It is a fact that…　　　　 事實(shí)是……

d. It +不及物動(dòng)詞+ that-分句

It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……

It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……

It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……

17.4 if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句

1)yes-no型疑問從句

從屬連詞if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是由一般疑問句或選擇疑問轉(zhuǎn)化而來的，因此也分別被稱為yes-no型疑問句從句和選擇型疑問從句，其功能和wh-從句的功能相同， 例如：

主語(yǔ)：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 這一計(jì)劃是否可行還有等證實(shí)。

賓語(yǔ)：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.　請(qǐng)讓我們知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章寫完。

表語(yǔ)：The point is whether we should lend him the money.　問題在于我們是否應(yīng)該借錢給他。

同位語(yǔ)：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.　他們調(diào)查他是否值得信賴。

形容詞賓語(yǔ)： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.　 她懷疑我們是否能夠前來。

介詞賓語(yǔ)： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.　　我擔(dān)心他是否能度過疾病的危險(xiǎn)期。

2)選擇性疑問從句

選擇性疑問從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞if/whether…or或whethe…or not構(gòu)成，例如：

Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 請(qǐng)告訴我他們是瑞典人還是丹麥人。

I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜歡該計(jì)劃。

17.5 否定轉(zhuǎn)移

1) 將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語(yǔ)從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定式，而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式。

I don't think I know you.　我想我并不認(rèn)識(shí)你。

I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回來。

注意：若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為hope,賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。

I hope you weren't ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。

2) 將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。

It doesn't seem that they know where to go.

看來他們不知道往哪去。

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.

看來我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。

3) 有時(shí)將動(dòng)名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或整個(gè)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定。

I don't remember having ever seen such a man.

我記得從未見過這樣一個(gè)人。 (not否定動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ) having…)

It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.

在這里，人們不會(huì)想到在街上會(huì)碰上陌生的人。

(anyone 作主語(yǔ)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用否定形式。)

4) 有時(shí)狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句中否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前。

The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.　(否定狀語(yǔ))　螞蟻不只是為自己采食。

He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because狀語(yǔ)) 他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何，就輕信此事。

She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.　(否定狀語(yǔ)many weeks)　她結(jié)婚還不到幾個(gè)月，這個(gè)人的弟弟就看見她了，并對(duì)她的美貌著了迷。