國(guó)際關(guān)系英語(yǔ)詞匯大全Unit 48

　　英語(yǔ)單詞講解 unit 48

　　1.Baruch Spinoza

　　Baruch Spinoza (born Benedito de Espinosa; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677, later Benedict de Spinoza) was a Dutch philosopher. The breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until many years after his death. By laying the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and, arguably, the universe, he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. His magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes's mind–body dualism, has earned him recognition as one of Western philosophy's most important thinkers.

　　1.巴魯赫·斯賓諾莎

　　斯賓諾莎(1632年11月24日-1677年2月21日)，西方近代哲學(xué)史重要的理性主義者，與笛卡爾和萊布尼茨齊名。斯賓諾莎的著作中最偉大的莫過(guò)于《依幾何次序所證倫理學(xué)》(簡(jiǎn)稱《倫理學(xué)》)，該書是以歐幾里得的幾何學(xué)方式來(lái)書寫的，一開(kāi)始就給出一組公理以及各種公式，從中產(chǎn)生命題、證明、推論以及解釋。該著作一直到斯賓諾莎死后才得以發(fā)表。他的其他兩部重要的作品包括了《神學(xué)政治論》和《政治論》?！渡駥W(xué)政治論》的主題是圣經(jīng)批評(píng)與政治理論，而后者則只談?wù)卫碚摗?/p>

　　2.Spinozism

　　Spinozism (also spelled Spinoza-ism or Spinozaism) is the monist philosophical system of Baruch Spinoza which defines "God" as a singular self-subsistent substance, with both matter and thought being attributes of such. In Spinozism, the concept of a personal relationship with God comes from the position that one is a part of an infinite interdependent "organism." Spinoza argued that everything is a derivative of God, interconnected with all of existence. Although humans only experience thought and extension, what happens to one aspect of existence will still affect others. Thus, Spinozism teaches a form of determinism and ecology and supports this as a basis for morality.

　　2.斯賓諾莎主義

　　斯賓諾莎主義是具有無(wú)神論或泛神論性質(zhì)的哲學(xué)學(xué)說(shuō)。斯賓諾莎否認(rèn)有人格神、超自然神的存在，集中批判了神學(xué)目的論、擬人觀和天意說(shuō)，要求從自然界本身來(lái)說(shuō)明自然，他認(rèn)為構(gòu)成萬(wàn)物存在和統(tǒng)一基礎(chǔ)的實(shí)體是自然界，也就是神。他開(kāi)創(chuàng)了用理性主義觀點(diǎn)和歷史的方法系統(tǒng)地批判《圣經(jīng)》的歷史，考察了宗教的起源、本質(zhì)和歷史作用，建立了近代西方無(wú)神論史上一個(gè)較早和較系統(tǒng)的體系?？朔说芽▋憾摰娜秉c(diǎn)，把唯理論與唯物主義和泛神論結(jié)合起來(lái)。以后的哲學(xué)家稱具有這種特征的學(xué)說(shuō)為斯賓諾莎主義。

　　3.Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

　　Written by the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus or Theologico-Political Treatise was one of the most controversial texts of the early modern period. It was a preemptive defense of Spinoza's later work, Ethics, published posthumously in 1677, for which he anticipated harsh criticism.

　　3.神學(xué)政治論

　　《神學(xué)政治論》是17世紀(jì)荷蘭哲學(xué)家斯賓諾莎主要著作之一。在書中，斯賓諾莎以理性主義和歷史批判的視角審視和批判了傳統(tǒng)的《圣經(jīng)》詮釋方法，在歷史上第一次提出研究《圣經(jīng)》的作者是誰(shuí)，他們是在什么條件下寫的，以及為何而作等等。書中還提倡天賦人權(quán)學(xué)說(shuō)，社會(huì)契約說(shuō)，信仰自由和言論自由等。