國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 15

　　1.Rational choice theory

　　Rational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior. Rationality, interpreted as "wanting more rather than less of a good", is widely used as an assumption of the behavior of individuals in microeconomic models and analysis and appears in almost all economics textbook treatments of human decision-making. It is also central to some of modern political science, sociology, and philosophy. It attaches "wanting more" to instrumental rationality, which involves seeking the most cost-effective means to achieve a specific goal without reflecting on the worthiness of that goal. Gary Becker was an early proponent of applying rational actor models more widely. He won the 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his studies of discrimination, crime, and human capital.

　　1.理性選擇理論

　　理性選擇理論，又稱為選擇理論、理性行為理論，對于社會與經(jīng)濟(jì)行為的一種概念模型，以理性來解釋每個人類行為的背后原因。這個理論是個體經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)背后的重要依據(jù)。在這邊的理性，是指能夠分析、比較各種選擇的利益與效用，之后對于較高的效用與利益顯示出偏好，并作為行為的根據(jù)，屬于一種工具理性。

　　2.Classical liberalism

　　Classical liberalism is a political philosophy and ideology belonging to liberalism in which primary emphasis is placed on securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the government. The philosophy emerged as a response to the Industrial Revolution and urbanization in the 19th century in Europe and the United States. It advocates civil liberties with a limited government under the rule of law, private property rights, and belief in laissez-faire economic liberalism. Classical liberalism is built on ideas that had already arisen by the end of the 18th century, including ideas of Adam Smith, John Locke, Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. Its greatest expression as a political (as well as economic) philosophy in the 19th century was in the works of John Stuart Mill. It drew on a psychological understanding of individual liberty, natural law, utilitarianism, and a belief in progress.

　　2.古典自由主義

　　古典自由主義是一種支持個人先于國家存在的政治哲學(xué)，強(qiáng)調(diào)個人的權(quán)利、私有財產(chǎn)，并主張自由放任的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，認(rèn)為政府存在的目的僅在于保護(hù)每個個體的自由。古典自由主義發(fā)源于17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)，也因此，它通常被視為由于工業(yè)革命和隨后的資本主義體制而產(chǎn)生的一種意識形態(tài)。言論自由、信仰自由、思想自由、自我負(fù)責(zé)，和自由市場等概念最先也是由古典自由主義所提出，后來才陸續(xù)被其他政治意識形態(tài)所采納。古典自由主義反對當(dāng)時絕大多數(shù)較早期的政治學(xué)說，例如君權(quán)神授說、世襲制度和國教制度，強(qiáng)調(diào)個人的自由、理性、正義和寬容。美國革命和法國大革命都受到了古典自由主義的影響。

　　3.Decentralization

　　Decentralization (or decentralisation) is the process of redistributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location or authority. While centralization, especially in the governmental sphere, is widely studied and practiced, there is no common definition or understanding of decentralization. The meaning of decentralization may vary in part because of the different ways it is applied. Concepts of decentralization have been applied to group dynamics and management science in private businesses and organizations, political science, law and public administration, economics and technology.

　　3.權(quán)力分散

　　權(quán)力分散特指職權(quán)在兩個公法法人之間的轉(zhuǎn)移。更一般地說，可以區(qū)分“領(lǐng)土權(quán)”分散，即行政區(qū)間的權(quán)力分散;及“技術(shù)性”權(quán)力分散，指具有公法法人資格的公共法人團(tuán)體間的職權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移。