《孫子兵法》第57期:第十章 地形(1)

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地形篇 NO.1：

孫子曰： 地形有通者、有掛者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠(yuǎn)者。

我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。

通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰(zhàn)則利。

可以往，難以返，曰掛。

掛形者，敵無備，出而勝之，

敵若有備，出而不勝，難以返，不利。

我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。

支形者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之利。

隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。

若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。

險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵;若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。

遠(yuǎn)形者，勢均難以挑戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)而不利。

凡此六者，地之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。

這句啥意思：

孫子說：地形有“通”、“掛”、“支”、“隘”、“險”、“遠(yuǎn)”等六種。

凡是我們可以去，敵人也可以來的地域，叫做“通”;

在“通”形地域上，應(yīng)搶先占開闊向陽的高地，保持糧道暢通，這樣作戰(zhàn)就有利。

凡是可以前進(jìn)，難以返回的地域，稱作“掛”;

在掛形的地域上，假如敵人沒有防備，我們就能突擊取勝。

假如敵人有防備，出擊又不能取勝，而且難以回師，這就不利了。

凡是我軍出擊不利，敵人出擊不利的地域叫做“支”。

在“支”形地域上，敵人雖然以利相誘，我們也不要出擊，而應(yīng)該率軍假裝退卻，誘使敵人出擊一半時再回師反擊，這樣就有利。

在“隘”形地域上，我們應(yīng)該搶先占領(lǐng)，并用重兵封鎖隘口，以等待敵人的到來;

如果敵人已先占據(jù)了隘口，并用重兵把守，我們就不要去進(jìn)攻;如果敵人沒有用重兵據(jù)守隘口，那么就可以進(jìn)攻。

在“險”形地域上，如果我軍先敵占領(lǐng)，就必須控制開闊向陽的高地，以等待敵人來犯;如果敵人先我占領(lǐng)，就應(yīng)該率軍撤離，不要去攻打它。

在“遠(yuǎn)”形地域上，敵我雙方地勢均同，就不宜去挑戰(zhàn)，勉強(qiáng)求戰(zhàn)，很是不利。

以上六點(diǎn)，是利用地形的原則。這是將帥的重大責(zé)任所在，不可不認(rèn)真考察研究。

英文這么說：

Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain,to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2)entangling ground;(3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6)positions at a great distance from the enemy.

Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.

With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunnyspots,and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage.

Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling.

From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeathim.But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, returnbeing impossible,disaster will ensue.

When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is calledtemporizing ground.

In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will beadvisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then,when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.

With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisonedand await the advent of the enemy.

Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass,do not go after him if the pass is fullygarrisoned,but only if it is weakly garrisoned.

With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you shouldoccupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.

If the enemy has occupied them before you,do not follow him, but retreat and try to enticehim away.

If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies isequal,it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.

These six are the principles connected with Earth.The general who has attained a responsiblepost must be careful to study them.

什么叫做地形?

地形就是地表的自然形態(tài)。不過，這兒講的“地形”，不是泛論一般地形，而是專論戰(zhàn)地的形勢?？墒牵瑧?zhàn)地的形勢，又隨地而異，有的就利于作戰(zhàn)，有的就不利于作戰(zhàn)。所以，要想利用地形，輔助作戰(zhàn)，一定先要明了戰(zhàn)地的形勢，以便開進(jìn)、展開、攻擊、防御時，借以立勝。孫子繼《行軍篇》后，又提出《地形》問題，集中討論地形、天時、敵情、軍心及將才等，在軍事上的交互作用。“地形篇第十”用今語譯出，就是——論地形與軍事行動的關(guān)系。