family(家庭),team(隊),class(班),audience(聽眾)等集合名詞,其用法特點為:若視為整體,表示單數(shù)意義;若考慮其個體成員,表示復數(shù)意義。比較:
This class consists of 45 pupils. 這個班由45個學生組成。
This class are reading English now. 這個班的學生在讀英語。
二、police類
cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等集合名詞,其用法特點為:只有單數(shù)形式, 但卻表示復數(shù)意義,用作主語時謂語用復數(shù);不與a(n) 連用,但可與the連用(表示總括意義和特指):
People will laugh at you. 人們會笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
Many cattle were killed for this. 就因為這個原因宰了不少牲畜。
【注】表示牲畜的頭數(shù),用單位詞 head(單復數(shù)同形):three head of cattle (3頭牛),twenty (head of ) cattle (20頭牛)。
三、goods類
goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)等,其用法特點是:只有復數(shù)形式(當然也表示復數(shù)意義,用作主語時謂語也用復數(shù)),但通常不與數(shù)詞連用:
Such clothes are very expensive. 那樣的衣服很貴。
To whom do these goods belong? 這些貨是誰的?
四、baggage類
baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(機器), poetry(詩), scenery(風景), jewelry(珠寶), equipment(設備)等, 其用法特點為:是不可數(shù)名詞,只用單數(shù)形式,不用不定冠詞(當然更不能用數(shù)詞),沒有復數(shù)形式:
Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我們的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有行李都托運了嗎?
【注】machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相應的個體可數(shù)名詞是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。如:a poem / a piece of poetry(一首詩),many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery(許多機器)。
五、hair的用法
hair(頭發(fā),毛發(fā))指全部頭發(fā)或毛發(fā)時,為集合名詞(不可數(shù));指幾根頭發(fā)或毛發(fā)時,為個體名詞(可數(shù)):
My hair has grown very long. 我的頭發(fā)已長得很長了。
The police found two hairs there. 警察在那兒找到了兩根頭發(fā)。
六、mankind的用法
mankind(人類)是一個不可數(shù)的集合名詞,不用復數(shù)形式,也不連用冠詞:
This is an invention that benefits mankind. 這是一項造福人類的發(fā)明。
Mankind has its own problems. 人類有自己的問題。
【注】mankind 表示“人(類)”時,雖不可數(shù),但有時卻可以表示復數(shù)意義,尤其是當其表語是復數(shù)時:
Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的動物。
七、fruit的用法
fruit(水果)作為集合名詞,它通常是不可數(shù)的:
He doesn’t eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。
He is growing fruit in the country. 他在鄉(xiāng)下種水果。
但是,當要表示種類時,它可視為可數(shù)名詞,即a fruit 指一種水果,fruits 指多種水果。比較:
Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。
The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一種蔬菜,而不是一種水果。