高中英語河北版下 unit8

[00:-1.00]The story of English is the story of conquest and invasion. [00:-2.00]The Romans,and then the Normans, [00:-3.00]landing on the shores of England,brought their languages with them. [00:-4.00]In a strange irony,the rich and complex nature of English [00:-5.00]can be traced directly to the influence of the invaders. [00:-6.00]Keeping is harder than winning.-Romanian Proverb [00:-7.00]SECTION 1 NEW WORDS AND IDEAS [00:-8.00]The Names of the Months [00:-9.00]The names of the months all come from Latin. [00:10.00]January,March,May,and June were named for Roman gods. [00:11.00]January was named after the god Janus,a strange god with two faces. [00:12.00]He could look forward and back at the same time. [00:13.00]He was the god of endings and beginnings. [00:14.00]January is the first month of the year. [00:15.00]It is a month in which one looks forward to the new year. [00:16.00]One also looks back to the old year. [00:17.00]February comes from a Roman celebration. [00:18.00]The name of this celebration was Februa. [00:19.00]It was a celebration of cleaning. [00:20.00]Toward the end of February,after the long winter months, [00:21.00]women began to think of spring-cleaning. [00:22.00]Probably this was the origin of the name of the month. [00:23.00]February has only twenty-eight days. [00:24.00]Every fourth year it has an extra day or twentynine days. [00:25.00]In every year there are exactly 365 days and six hours. [00:26.00]At the end of four years these six extra hours of each year [00:27.00]add up to twenty-four hours or one full day. [00:28.00]This fourth year,in which February has twentynine days,we call"Leap Year". [00:29.00]The third month,March,is named after the Roman god of was, [00:30.00]Mars.Mars was a strong god. [00:31.00]The Roman people always connected him with thunder and lightning. [00:32.00]Pictures of Mars always show him with lightning above his head. [00:33.00]It is natural that the name of March comes from this god Mars. [00:34.00]March is a month of storms. [00:35.00]The wind blows strongly. [00:36.00]It rains very hard. [00:37.00]There is often thunder and lightning. [00:38.00]The origin of the word April is not known exactly. [00:39.00]Probably the word comes from the Latin word aperiri. [00:40.00]This Latin word means"to open". [00:41.00]In Spanish today there are the words abrir and abierto. [00:42.00]In the month of April the skies open. [00:43.00]It rains often. [00:44.00]The trees and the flowers also begin to open. [00:45.00]The trees turn green. [00:46.00]Grass and flowers appear. [00:47.00]The month of May is named after the goddess Maia. [00:48.00]Maia was young and pretty. [00:49.00]She was the goddess of the fields. [00:50.00]She was the mother of the god Mercury. [00:51.00]The month of June was named after the goddess Juno. [00:52.00]She was the wife of Jupiter. [00:53.00]Juno was a beautiful woman. [00:54.00]The seventh month of the year,July, [00:55.00]is named after Julius Caesar,a famous Roman general. [00:56.00]He became emperor of Rome. [00:57.00]Before the time of Caesar,another calendar was used. [00:58.00]The year began in March instead of in January. [00:59.00]The present month of July was then the fifth month instead of the seventh month. [-1:00.00]Caesar changed this. [-1:-1.00]He made a new calendar. [-1:-2.00]This is the calendar we use today. [-1:-3.00]Caesar himself was born in July. [-1:-4.00]He gave the name of July to this month,the seventh month of the new calendar. [-1:-5.00]After Julius Caesar,came his son Augustus. [-1:-6.00]At first the name of Augustus was Octavius. [-1:-7.00]Later he became emperor. [-1:-8.00]The people wished to please him. [-1:-9.00]They gave him the title of Augustus,meaning"noble" [-1:10.00]They also called the eighth month August after him. [-1:11.00]Have you read anyting of the Augustan period of Roman history? [-1:12.00]It is called the"Golden Age". [-1:13.00]It was a period of peace. [-1:14.00]It was a period of great literature and art. [-1:15.00]The great Latin poets, [-1:16.00]Horace and Virgil,lived at this time. [-1:17.00]The months of September,October,November and December need little explanation. [-1:18.00]In our calendar today,they are the ninth,tenth,eleventh and twelfth months. [-1:19.00]But in the old calendar before Julius Caesar,they were the seventh, [-1:20.00]eighth,ninth,and tenth months. [-1:21.00]The names for the months September,October,November, [-1:22.00]and December therefore came from the Latin words for seventh, [-1:23.00]eighth,ninth and tenth. [-1:24.00]In Spanish today,for example,the word for seventh is septimo. [-1:25.00]The word for eight is octavo,etc. [-1:26.00]POEM Calendar[-1:27.00]A calendar is a useful tool .For organizing days at school. [-1:28.00]You'll get a schedule,so don't be late [-1:29.00]Use your calendar to keep things straight. [-1:30.00]Mark your classes,exam days too [-1:31.00]A well-used calendar can help you through.It comes in many kinds and shapes [-1:32.00]To hang on walls and keep things straight.Latin is the language used [-1:33.00]But don't let this make you confused. [-1:34.00]Twelve months there are in one full year [-1:35.00]Your calendar will keep things clear. [-1:36.00]SECTION 2 MEANING THROUGH PRACTICE [-1:37.00]C.Build your listening skills [-1:38.00]Recently,a survey was done to see how people feel [-1:39.00]about the growing role of English in China. [-1:40.00]They were asked the question,"Is English changing the Chinese identity?" [-1:41.00]Listen to the three different responses,and answer the questions. [-1:42.00]SECTION 4 READING FOR KNOWLEDGE [-1:43.00]We All Make Different Sounds [-1:44.00]When a dog barks,we all hear the same sound. [-1:45.00]But a French boy says that his dog is saying"gnaf-gnaf!" [-1:46.00]A German girl says her dog is saying"wau-wau!" [-1:47.00]And Japanese children say their dogs are saying"wung-wung!" [-1:48.00]What does your dog say? [-1:49.00]If all these children hear the same sound, [-1:50.00]why do they say the sound in different ways? [-1:51.00]It's because they speak different languages. [-1:52.00]All languages are made up of words. [-1:53.00]And words are sounds that stand for things. [-1:54.00]But every language has different sounds. [-1:55.00]Suppose you want to tell your best friend that you have a dog. [-1:56.00]How would you say the word"dog"? [-1:57.00]If you speak Spanish,you'd say"pay roh". [-1:58.00]If you speak German,you'd say"shean". [-1:59.00]But if you and your friend don't speak the same language, [-2:00.00]he or she won't know what you are saying. [-2:-1.00]Sometimes,even people who speak the same language don't say words the same way. [-2:-2.00]In the United States,people in Bosteon speak with a New England accent. [-2:-3.00]They say"dahg".People in Atlanta speak with a Southern accent. [-2:-4.00]They say"dawg".Both are saying the word"dog",but in a different way. [-2:-5.00]This is true in other countries,too. [-2:-6.00]People from different parts of England [-2:-7.00]often find it hard to understand one another. [-2:-8.00]This sometimes happens at the Speaker's Corner,in Hyde Park,London. [-2:-9.00]Here,anyone can make a speech about anything. [-2:10.00]But if the speaker comes from Yorkshire, [-2:11.00]in northern England,he may have a Yorkshire accent. [-2:12.00]If so,many Londoners may not understand him. [-2:13.00]There's no point in talking if people don't understand what you say. [-2:14.00]English Rules [-2:15.00]Know [-2:16.00]Take a look at this word Aloud it sounds like [-2:17.00]no Now take a look at this one Bread [-2:18.00]is made from dough Examine closely weed and seed [-2:19.00]And ask me if they're spelled like bead [-2:20.00]Or dear or bear,fear or pear English makes me pull my hair!!! [-2:21.00]It's more than likly,you must have heard [-2:22.00]That phonics helps you break a word If that is so,then let me see [-2:23.00]How do you pronounce simplicity [-2:24.00]But that's okay,woek hard and try [-2:25.00]To learn this language,without a sigh [-2:26.00]Rules are rules they're just like tools [-2:27.00]They help you read,they're like crown jewels. [-2:28.00]READING FOR HISTORY [-2:29.00]The Story of English:Norman Influence [-2:30.00]The Norman invasion of England in A.D.1066 [-2:31.00]had great influences on the English language. [-2:32.00]The invasion was led by William the Conqueror. [-2:33.00]With his victory,William brought in great numbers of French. [-2:34.00]These French occupied the country after driving out their English owners. [-2:35.00]The English were reduced to workers,servants,and even slaves. [-2:36.00]England became a three-language country, [-2:37.00]with the upper classes speaking French [-2:38.00]church officials speaking Latin,and the lower classes speaking English. [-2:39.00]For the next several generations very little English was written. [-2:40.00]French and Latin were the languages of religion,law,science,literature,and fashion. [-2:41.00]Still,there were far more English speakers than Normans. [-2:42.00]Why didn't French disappear? [-2:43.00]Because for many years the Normans in England kept close ties [-2:44.00]with their country folk in France. [-2:45.00]Some nobles owned land in both countries, [-2:46.00]and the kings of England also ruled a large part of France. [-2:47.00]These countacts kept French alive and active in England[-2:48.00]Then why didn't the opposite happen, [-2:49.00]and why didn't English gradually disappear? The first reason is intermarriage. [-2:50.00]Almost from the beginning Norman soldiers [-2:51.00]and even wealthy people found English wives. [-2:52.00]Within a few generations the two peoples mixed and became noe people. [-2:53.00]The second reason is that King John [-2:54.00]managed to lose his French lands in about A.D.1200, [-2:55.00]thus breaking England's tie with France. [-2:56.00]Thus,the English language held its own and began to rise. [-2:57.00]By A.D.1300,English was again what people spoke on a daily basis, [-2:58.00]with a small minority who spoke only French. [-2:59.00]But it was a far different English than was spoken when the Normans first arrivd. [-3:00.00]The first big change was in vocabulary. [-3:-1.00]From A.D.1100 to 1500,English absorbed more than ten thousand French words, [-3:-2.00]seventy-five percent of which are still used today-words relating to government, [-3:-3.00]law,religion,fashion,the arts,and day-to-day living. [-3:-4.00]Latin,through the church and through scholars, [-3:-5.00]contributed thousands more new words to English. [-3:-6.00]The French language dominated in the upper class, [-3:-7.00]causing some interesting distinctions to appear in the language. [-3:-8.00]English farmers worked the fields, [-3:-9.00]so the English words for the animals survived: [-3:10.00]swin(swine),sceap(sheep),cous(cows),and calfru(calves). [-3:11.00]But it was the French nobles who ate the animals, [-3:12.00]so it is French words for the cooked meats that survive: [-3:13.00]porc(pork),moton(mutton),boef(beef),and veel(veal). [-3:14.00]The lower classes ate(an English word);the upper classes dined(a French word). [-3:15.00]Though many English words disappeared during this time,most survived. [-3:16.00]Because of the side-by-side use of English,French and Latin, [-3:17.00]English became a language rich in synonyms. [-3:18.00]English speakers can rise,mount or ascend;they can ask,question,and interrogate. [-3:19.00]One result of this richness is that when English speakers study French, [-3:20.00]they find a great many words that are the same or similar to English words, [-3:21.00]though they may be pronounced differently. [-3:22.00]All of these changes happened gradually. [-3:23.00]By the mnid-12 century,however,when English started to be written again, [-3:24.00]enough differences had appeared that it could be called Middle English [-3:25.00]to distinguish it from Old English.

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