大學(xué)英語(yǔ)自學(xué)教程下冊(cè)課文(帶字幕)02

[00:00.00]Unit 2 taxt A Black Holes
[00:03.04]黑洞
[00:06.09]What is a black hole?
[00:07.11] 什么是黑洞呢?
[00:08.12]Well,it's difficult to answer this question,since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.
[00:14.11]喔,這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難回答,因?yàn)槲覀兺ǔＳ脕?lái)描述一種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象的術(shù)語(yǔ)用在這里不合適.
[00:20.09]Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole
[00:22.73]天文學(xué)家和科學(xué)家認(rèn)為黑洞
[00:25.36]is a region of space (not a thing )
[00:27.94]是一個(gè)空間區(qū)域(不是一個(gè)物體),
[00:30.51]into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape not even light.
[00:34.90]物質(zhì)會(huì)陷入其中,而沒(méi)有物體可以從中逃逸出來(lái).
[00:39.29]So we can't see a black hole.
[00:41.51]--即使是光也不行,所以我們看不到黑洞.
[00:43.73]A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter.
[00:48.42]黑洞產(chǎn)生很強(qiáng)的引力,而它卻沒(méi)有物質(zhì).
[00:53.11]It is only space--or so we think.
[00:55.59]它只是空間--或者我們認(rèn)為是這們.
[00:58.07]How this happen?
[00:59.79]這是怎么發(fā)生的呢?
[01:01.52]The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point;
[01:05.74]原理是一些星球的密度增長(zhǎng)到特定的一個(gè)值時(shí)就會(huì)爆炸.
[01:09.96]they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.
[01:13.27]它們崩潰時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生超新星.
[01:16.59]From earth,a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky
[01:20.21]在地球上看上去,超新星就像天空中非常耀眼的燈,
[01:23.83]which shines even in the daytime.
[01:26.15]即使在白天也能看到其閃光.
[01:28.48]Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
[01:32.45]在17,18世紀(jì),天文學(xué)家就有了關(guān)于超新星的記錄,
[01:36.42]Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
[01:40.24]有人認(rèn)為圣誕星可能是一種超新星.
[01:44.07]The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star
[01:48.60]一顆星球崩潰可能產(chǎn)生一顆白矮星或一顆中子星
[01:53.14]a star, whose matter is so dense
[01:58.60]that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.
[02:02.07]--一種物質(zhì)如此致密以致于它在自身引力下不斷地收縮的星體.
[02:05.54]But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun)
[02:08.67]但如果星球很大(比我們的太陽(yáng)大得多),
[02:11.79]this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.
[02:15.97]其收縮過(guò)程可能很劇烈,以至于產(chǎn)生了黑洞.
[02:20.15]Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble,
[02:23.53]假想一下地球收縮到彈球那么大,
[02:26.91]but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull,
[02:30.84]但仍具有同樣的質(zhì)量和更大強(qiáng)的吸引力,
[02:34.78]and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.
[02:38.20]你就會(huì)對(duì)黑洞的力量有某種概念.
[02:41.62]Any matter near the black hole is sucked in.
[02:45.16]黑洞附近任何物質(zhì)都會(huì)被吸進(jìn)去,
[02:48.70]It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole.
[02:51.68]根本不可能說(shuō)出黑洞里面發(fā)生了什么.
[02:54.65]Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the event horizon.
[02:59.33]科學(xué)家們把這個(gè)洞的邊緣區(qū)域稱為"事界".
[03:04.01]We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary.
[03:07.83]一旦物體超過(guò)這個(gè)這個(gè)邊界,我們對(duì)所發(fā)生的事便一無(wú)所知.
[03:11.66]But in theory,matter must behave very differently inside the hole.
[03:15.63]但在理論上,在黑洞里物質(zhì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)肯定與洞外有很大區(qū)別.
[03:19.60] For example,if a man fell into a black hole,
[03:22.98]例如:如果一個(gè)人掉進(jìn)黑洞,
[03:26.37]he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
[03:29.70]他會(huì)認(rèn)為自己很快就到達(dá)了其核心,
[03:33.03]However an observer
[03:37.00]at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all.
[03:40.68]但在"事界"的觀察者則認(rèn)為這個(gè)人根本不會(huì)到達(dá)黑洞的核心.
[03:44.37]Our space and time laws don't seem to apply
[03:50.61]to objects in the area of a black hole.
[03:53.04]我們的時(shí)空規(guī)律看起來(lái)不適用于黑洞里的物體.
[03:55.47]Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena
[03:59.44]愛(ài)因斯坦的相對(duì)論是惟一可以解釋這種現(xiàn)象的理論.
[04:03.41]Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable,
[04:07.20]愛(ài)因斯坦聲稱物質(zhì)和能量是可以互相轉(zhuǎn)化的,
[04:10.98]so that there is no "absolute" time and space.
[04:14.01]因此就沒(méi)有絕對(duì)的時(shí)間和空間,
[04:17.04]There'are no constants at all,
[04:19.12]根本不存在永恒,
[04:21.20]and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer
[04:24.67]時(shí)間和窨的徇取決于觀測(cè)者所在的位置,
[04:28.15]They are relative.
[04:29.62]它們是相對(duì)的.
[04:31.10]We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory
[04:34.82]我們還沒(méi)有完全理解相對(duì)論的含義,
[04:38.54]but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis
[04:45.41]for the idea of black holes
[04:47.69]但有意思的是,在天文學(xué)家著手發(fā)現(xiàn)黑洞的存在證據(jù)之前,
[04:49.96]before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence.
[04:53.68]愛(ài)因斯坦就提供了黑洞這種想法的基礎(chǔ).
[04:57.40]It is only recently
[05:01.04]that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
[05:04.21]只是近來(lái)科學(xué)家才開(kāi)始了對(duì)黑洞的具體的研究.
[05:07.38]In August 1977,a satellite was launched to gatter data
[05:11.46]1977年8月,發(fā)射了一顆衛(wèi)星
[05:15.53]about the l0 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way.
[05:19.36]去搜集關(guān)于被認(rèn)為是在銀河系的1000萬(wàn)個(gè)黑洞的數(shù)據(jù).
[05:23.19]And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study
[05:26.16]天文學(xué)家正在計(jì)劃一個(gè)新的天文臺(tái)
[05:29.14]the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.
[05:32.83]用以研究個(gè)別的存在爆炸的被相信要變?yōu)楹诙吹男乔?
[05:36.51]The most convincing evidence of black holes
[05:42.07]comes from research into binary star systems.
[05:45.01]黑洞最有說(shuō)服力的證據(jù)惡臭對(duì)雙星系的研究.
[05:47.95]Binary stars,as their name suggests
[05:50.33]雙星,正如它們的名字所表明的,
[05:52.71]are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.
[05:56.39]是兩顆在窨位置上互相影響的星球.
[06:00.07]In some binary systems,
[06:02.45]在一些雙星系里,
[06:04.83]astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star,
[06:08.55]天文學(xué)家已經(jīng)表示這里有一顆看不到的伴星,
[06:12.27]a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky.
[06:15.21]即我們可以在天空中看到的一顆星的伙伴.
[06:18.15]Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star.
[06:22.72]來(lái)自我們所看到的星的物質(zhì)正被吸引到伴星去.
[06:27.29]Could this invisible star,which exerts such a great force,be a black hole?
[06:31.77]這顆產(chǎn)生如此巨大力量的看不見(jiàn)的星會(huì)是黑洞嗎?
[06:36.25]Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too which
[06:39.12]天文學(xué)家還有其他一些星球的證據(jù),
[06:42.00] might have black holes as companions.
[06:44.38]這些星可能與黑洞相伴.
[06:46.75]The story of black holes is just beginning.
[06:49.43]對(duì)黑洞的研究剛剛開(kāi)始,
[06:52.11]Speculations about them ate endless.
[06:54.75]各種推測(cè)會(huì)層出不窮.
[06:57.38]There might be a massive black hole
[07:02.24]at the center of our galaxys wallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.
[07:05.82]在我們銀河系的中心很可能存在著一個(gè)巨大的黑洞正以極快的速度吞食著星球.
[07:09.40]Mankind may one day meet this fate.
[07:12.07]人類有一天也會(huì)面臨被事在人為的命運(yùn).
[07:14.73]On the other hand,scientists have suggested that very advanced technology
[07:19.12]而科學(xué)家也提出,
[07:23.51]could one day make use of the energy of black holes for-mankind.
[07:27.09]有一天高科技會(huì)利用黑洞的能量為人類服務(wù).
[07:30.66]These speculations sound like science fiction.
[07:33.49]這些設(shè)想聽(tīng)起來(lái)像科幻小說(shuō),
[07:36.31]But the theory-of black holes in space
[07:38.95]但空間中黑洞的理論
[07:41.58]is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers.
[07:44.71]被許多嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)家和天文學(xué)家接受.
[07:47.83]They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own
[07:52.15]他們展示給我們一個(gè)完全不同于我們自己的世界運(yùn)行方式的世界,
[07:56.47]and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
[08:00.25]并對(duì)我們的最基本的時(shí)空經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出了疑問(wèn).
[08:04.02]text B Worlds within Worlds
[08:06.80]世界中的世界
[08:09.59]First of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world)
[08:12.83]首先讓我們把地球(也就是說(shuō),世界)
[08:16.07]as a planet revolving round the sun.
[08:18.04]看做圍繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行的一顆行星.
[08:20.01]The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun.
[08:23.20]地球是沿軌道圍繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行的九大行星之一.
[08:26.38]These nine planets,together with the sun,
[08:28.76]這九大行星和太陽(yáng)一起
[08:31.14]make up what is called our solar system.
[08:33.32]組成了所謂的我們的太陽(yáng)系.
[08:35.50]How this wonderful system started?
[08:37.42]這個(gè)奇妙的星系是怎樣開(kāi)始的?
[08:39.34]and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery
[08:42.28]什么使它保持極精確的運(yùn)行?從相當(dāng)程度上講這是個(gè)謎.
[08:45.22]but astronomers tell us
[08:46.84]但天文學(xué)家告訴我們
[08:48.46]that it is only one of millions of similar systemsin space,and one of the smallest.
[08:52.04]太陽(yáng)系只是太空里幾百個(gè)相似的星系之一,并且是最小的星系之一.
[08:55.61]The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night
[08:58.79]在漆黑無(wú)云的夜晚,我們看到的在空中閃爍的星星
[09:01.96]are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own,
[09:05.14]幾乎都是其他多少與我們的星系中的恒星.
[09:08.31]but they are so far away in space
[09:10.28]但它們?cè)谔罩芯嚯x我們?nèi)绱诉b遠(yuǎn)
[09:12.25]that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.
[09:15.18]以至于我們不可能對(duì)其了解太多.
[09:18.11]About our own solar system,however,we are learning more every day.
[09:21.08]然而對(duì)于我們的太陽(yáng)系,每天我們都會(huì)了解到更多的東西.
[09:24.06]Before the American and Russian astronauts
[09:28.22]made their thrilling journeys into outer space
[09:30.59]在美國(guó)和俄羅斯宇航員進(jìn)行激動(dòng)人心的太空旅行之前,
[09:32.97]it was difficult for us to realise
[09:36.91]what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles' away,
[09:39.64]我們很難認(rèn)識(shí)到從數(shù)十萬(wàn)英里以外的地方看地球會(huì)是什么樣子.
[09:42.37]but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take
[09:47.23]show us the earth in space
[09:48.97]但宇航員們能夠拍到的照片為我們太空中地球
[09:50.71]looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the eart.
[09:53.63]看上和我們?cè)诘厍蛏峡吹降脑铝翛](méi)有什么大的不同.
[09:56.56]The earth is,however,very different from the moon,
[09:58.88]然而,地球與月亮確有很大不同,
[10:01.21]which the American astronauts have found1 to be without life or,vegetation,
[10:04.15]美國(guó)宇航員發(fā)現(xiàn)月球上沒(méi)有生命和植物生長(zhǎng).
[10:07.09]whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.
[10:09.57]而我們的地球在各方面都生氣勃勃.
[10:12.05]The moon,by the way,is called a satellite
[10:14.43]順便說(shuō)一下,月亮被稱為衛(wèi)星,
[10:16.80]because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.
[10:19.28]是因?yàn)樗鼑@著我們的地球運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)同時(shí)繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn).
[10:21.77]In other words,it goes round the sun with our earth.
[10:24.34]換句話說(shuō),它隨著地球圍繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行.
[10:26.91]The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.
[10:30.30]我們的地球表面覆蓋著一塊塊的陸地和更大面積的水域.
[10:33.68]Let us consider the water areas frist.
[10:35.81]讓我們首先考慮一下水域,
[10:37.94]The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.
[10:40.90]其總面積大概是陸地面積的3倍.
[10:43.87]The very large separate areas of water are called "oceans"
[10:46.65]很大的隔開(kāi)的水域稱為"洋",
[10:49.43]and the lesser areas are called "seas."
[10:51.65]小一些的水域稱為"海".
[10:53.87]In most of:the oceans and seas
[10:55.70]在大部分海洋里,
[10:57.53]some of the wateris found to be flowing in a particular direction that is to say,
[11:00.95]人們發(fā)現(xiàn)一些水域是沿著特有的方向流動(dòng)的
[11:04.37]from one Fart towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.
[11:07.05]---這就是說(shuō),從流經(jīng)的海洋的一個(gè)區(qū)域流向別一區(qū)域.
[11:09.73]The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a"current"
[11:12.81]以這種方式流動(dòng)的水叫"海流".
[11:15.89]There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas
[11:18.67]流動(dòng)在海洋的水域里有成千上萬(wàn)條海流,
[11:21.46]but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents
[11:24.03]但只有若干條較強(qiáng)和較顯著的海流被專門命名,
[11:26.60]are specially named and of great importance.
[11:28.88]而且其具有很大重要性.
[11:31.15]These currents are important
[11:32.87]這些海流之所以重要,
[11:34.60]because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow
[11:37.57]是它們影響著所流經(jīng)區(qū)域附近陸地的氣候,
[11:40.55]and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life
[11:44.03]也是因?yàn)樗鼈兪傲舜罅康奈⑸?植物,
[11:47.50]which forms a large part of the food for fishes.
[11:49.77]而這些構(gòu)成了魚(yú)類食品的一大部分.
[11:52.05]The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth
[11:57.69]vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place
[12:00.72]地球不同區(qū)域的陸地表面自然特征區(qū)別很大.
[12:03.75]the surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys
[12:06.99]一些區(qū)域的地表由大量的高山和深谷組成,
[12:10.23]whilst,in other areas,most of the surface consists of plains.
[12:13.20]而其他區(qū)域,大部分地表卻由平原組成.
[12:16.18]If one made a journey over the Continents
[12:18.31]如果一個(gè)人做一次大陸旅行,
[12:20.44]one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges,
[12:23.26]他會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)各種各樣的地貌,包括山區(qū),
[12:26.08]plains,plateaux,deserts,tropical forestlands
[12:29.62]平原,高原,沙漠,熱帶雨林
[12:33.16]and empty areascovered permanently by ice and snow.
[12:35.68]和永久性冰雪覆蓋的空曠無(wú)人區(qū).
[12:38.20]When thinking and learning about the world
[12:40.12]當(dāng)我們想象和了解這個(gè)世界時(shí),
[12:42.04]we should not forget that our world is the home of a very great many different people
[12:45.17]我們不應(yīng)忘記我們的世界是很多不同人的家園
[12:48.29]peoples with different coloured skins,living very different lives
[12:51.11]---他們是具有不同的膚色,過(guò)著極不相同的生活
[12:53.93]and having very different ideas about a great many important things
[12:59.49] such as religion,government,education and social behaviour.
[13:02.77]以及對(duì)諸如宗教,政府,教育和社會(huì)行為等許多重要事情持有極為不同的觀點(diǎn)的民族.
[13:06.05]The circumstances under which different people live
[13:10.41]make a great difference between the way in which they live
[13:12.84]不同民族的生活環(huán)境造就了他們和我們極為不同的生活方式,
[13:15.27]and the way in which we live,
[13:18.54]and it ought to be our business to try to understand these different circumstancea,
[13:21.57]我們應(yīng)該做的是去了解他們不同的生活環(huán)境
[13:24.60]so that we can better understand people of other lands.
[13:26.96]以便于可以更好地理解其他地區(qū)的人們.
[13:29.33]Above all,
[13:32.07]we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves
[13:35.15]我們應(yīng)當(dāng)避免對(duì)他們有先入為主的看法,
[13:38.23]without first having learned a great deal about them
[13:42.60]and the kind of lives they have to live.
[13:44.79]尤其是在沒(méi)有對(duì)與我們不同的人們和他們必須過(guò)的那種生活有大量了解前.
[13:46.98]It is true to say that the more we leam about other people,
[13:49.61]確實(shí)我們了解其他人越多,
[13:52.24]the better we understand their ideas and as a rule,
[13:57.30]the better we,like those people themselves.
[13:59.37]我們?cè)侥芾斫馑麄兊挠^點(diǎn),通常我們就更大喜歡那些人.