國(guó)家地理:牧野分歧(7)

That neighborliness, however, does not extend to APR, which bought its first property in 2004 just south of here. Twice since then, the French family has pitched in to buy ranches that APR was interested in purchasing. "A neighbor wants to help you out, not buy you out," Bill French says.

然而，這種睦鄰關(guān)系跟美國(guó)草原保護(hù)區(qū)卻沒(méi)什么關(guān)系，2004年美國(guó)草原保護(hù)區(qū)在這塊地的南部買(mǎi)下第一塊土地。在那之后，弗倫奇一家兩次出資買(mǎi)下了美國(guó)草原保護(hù)區(qū)有興趣的牧場(chǎng)?！昂玫泥従訒?huì)想給你幫忙，而不是買(mǎi)走你的資產(chǎn)”，比爾·弗倫奇說(shuō)。

This resistance is based on real concerns about the future. Phillips County has lost more than half its population since its peak of nearly 10,000 people in 1920. Other nearby counties -- APR spans six now -- have seen similar declines. More and more property is being bought up by wealthy, out-of-state owners. The average age of the principal operator of a farm or ranch these days is 58. It's a demographic spiral that rural Americans fear: fewer kids in the schools, fewer tractors, balers, swathers, post pounders, cars, pickups, semis, trailers, tires bought at local dealers. APR buys those things too, of course: "We've brought more households in to work for APR than have left as a result of selling to us," says APR senior land acquisition manager Betty Holder. "We believe we are helping to diversify the economy."

這種抵制行為是基于對(duì)未來(lái)真實(shí)的擔(dān)心。菲利普斯縣從1920年達(dá)到將近10000人的峰值以來(lái)，已經(jīng)失去了將近一半以上的人口。附近其他的縣，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有6個(gè)，面臨著相似的人口減少問(wèn)題。越來(lái)越多的土地被來(lái)自其他州的富裕的買(mǎi)主買(mǎi)走。現(xiàn)在農(nóng)場(chǎng)和牧場(chǎng)的主要管理者的平均年齡是58歲。美國(guó)農(nóng)村人害怕這樣的人口螺旋：學(xué)生越來(lái)越少，拖拉機(jī)、打包機(jī)、割谷機(jī)、郵車(chē)、汽車(chē)、卡車(chē)、半拖車(chē)、拖車(chē)，還有當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)銷(xiāo)商賣(mài)出的輪胎也越來(lái)越少。美國(guó)草原保護(hù)區(qū)也會(huì)購(gòu)買(mǎi)這些東西?！爱?dāng)然，我們讓更多的家庭為保護(hù)區(qū)工作，而不是因?yàn)榘艳r(nóng)場(chǎng)賣(mài)給我們而離開(kāi)?！北Ｗo(hù)區(qū)的高級(jí)土地征收經(jīng)理貝蒂·霍爾德說(shuō)?！拔覀冋J(rèn)為我們正在幫助讓經(jīng)濟(jì)變得多元化?！?/p>

But the antipathy is also cultural. The organization, with roughly 50 employees, is headquartered in Bozeman, a trendy college town of fly fishermen and mountaineers, artisanal coffee and avocado toast, four hours' drive southwest of APR's nearest property. Most of APR's large donors hail from even farther away -- Silicon Valley, New York City, Germany. Some fly by helicopter to stay at APR's luxury yurts equipped with leather furniture, chandeliers, and linen tablecloths. "Big fancy East Coast people coming in and telling us how to live," LaTray says.

這種反感還來(lái)自文化層面。這個(gè)組織有大約50個(gè)雇員，總部設(shè)在博茲曼，那是一個(gè)時(shí)髦的大學(xué)城，那里有漁民和登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員，手工咖啡和牛油果吐司，到美國(guó)草原保護(hù)區(qū)最近的地方只需往西南方開(kāi)四個(gè)小時(shí)。他們大部分的捐贈(zèng)人都來(lái)自更遠(yuǎn)的地方--硅谷、紐約市和德國(guó)。一些人乘直升機(jī)來(lái)居住在保護(hù)區(qū)的奢華的圓頂帳篷里，那里裝飾著皮革、家具、枝形吊燈和亞麻桌布。“來(lái)自東海岸的大人物們告訴我們應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣生活?！崩乩渍f(shuō)。

Scientists speak of a landscape's "ecological carrying capacity": habitat, forage, prey, and other factors that determine how much wildlife the land can support. But for ambitious conservation projects, "social carrying capacity" -- the community's tolerance for change -- is also a limiting factor.

科學(xué)家們提到了景觀的生態(tài)承載力：棲息地、飼料、獵物和其他的因素會(huì)決定這片土地上能生存多少野生動(dòng)物。但是對(duì)野心勃勃的保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō)，社會(huì)承載力--社會(huì)對(duì)改變的容忍度--也是一個(gè)限制因素。